Living Organism Exists In Two Different Form-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Living Organism Exists In Two Different Form? Answer: Introducation Living organism exists in two different forms. They are either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Eukaryotic organisms are livings that contain cells which its genetic material is DNA, and its enclosed in the nucleus. Apart from that, their cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. They include all the living organisms apart from the eubacteria and archaea bacteria (Kryukov, et.al 2012).Prokaryotic on the other hand are microscopic organisms which lack a nucleus and a distinctive cell membrane on its cells. They are two groups either as eubacteria or as Archaeans. The archaeans according to research are more similar and related to the eukaryotic than the eubacteria. There are key characteristics that divide organisms as either eukaryote or as a prokaryote. These essential components include; availability of cell nucleus. Prokaryotes lack the cell nucleus while the eukaryotes have the cell nucleus which has the function of controlling all the activities of the cell. In addition to that, eukaryotes on their cells, they have a cell membrane that encloses and protects the cell while the prokaryotes lack the cell membrane (Ben-Shem, et.al 2012). Another characteristic is the mode of reproduction; the prokaryotes lack the sexual reproduction technique, the reproduce through binary fusion while the eukaryotes have the sexual reproduction method hence they reproduce sexually (Lwe Amos, 2009). Furthermore, the transcription occurrence and location where it takes place is another key characteristic that divides the organisms. This is because, in prokaryotes, transcription is conducted in the cell cytoplasm while in the eukaryotes, the transcription proce ss takes place inside the cell nucleus (Igarashi Kashiwagi, 2012). The other key characteristic is the availability of the cytoplasmic streaming process. They prokaryotic group of organisms lack this process in their cells while the eukaryotic organisms this process exists. Another characteristic that divides organisms is the availability of the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus; the prokaryote organisms lack this two organelles while the eukaryote has this organelle. This is thus the common and essential characteristics which help in dividing of organisms as either prokaryote or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes exist in two groups. These groups are eubacteria and archaea. This two group of prokaryote differ due to the different feature they both have. The key characteristics that divide the prokaryote as either a eubacteria or archaea are as follows; some ribosomal RNA. Archie has three ribosomal RNA polymerases; this is like the eukaryote which has the similar number while the eubacteria have only one ribosomal RNA (Gupta, 2010). This makes the two group of prokaryote differ. Management key characteristic is the availability of peptidoglycan on the cell wall. This substance encloses the cell and also acts as a protective agent to the cells. The peptidoglycan contains hydrocarbons thus offering protection. The archaea have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan while eubacteria lack it. In addition to that, archaea have a membrane that encloses the lipids. This membrane is also made up of hydrocarbons and not fatty acids. The eubacteria lack this, their membrane is formed of ester linkages, and this is also another essential characteristic that divides the organisms in the group of prokaryotes. Another key feature between the two groups that differentiate them is the physical and geochemical conditions where the archaea can survive under extreme conditions hence they are called extremophiles. While the eubacteria are not able to survive under extreme conditions, they only survive under mild conditions (Sorek, et.al 2008). The other characteristic that divides the two group is genetic and biochemical reaction ways. The two groups have a different genetic makeup and also the react differently to the antibiotics. This makes the two group different. The evidence and research that have been provided by biological researchers have indicated that archaeans are more similar to eukaryotes than either is to eubacteria. The following evidence proof this claim; the number of ribosomal RNA which are three in number are similar to those of eukaryotes which are also three in number. Also, the number of RNA polymerase are the same between the two groups (Kurland, et.al 2006). The ribosome of both the archaea and eukaryotes functions the same way where both have a work of producing both the large and small subunits of proteins. The mechanism and the process between the two groups are similar where all the steps are the same (Zimmer, 2009). Another evidence that shows this close relatedness is that the two groups have been found to possess same genes and also have similar metabolic pathways. Where the archaea use DNA polymerases as a starting point for the replication of chromosomes the same way as eukaryotes. On the pathway similarity, they both generate energy in the form of ATPS. References Ben-Shem, A., de Loubresse, N. G., Melnikov, S., Jenner, L., Yusupova, G., Yusupov, M. (2011). The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 resolution. Science, 334(6062), 1524-1529. Gupta, R. S. (2011). Origin of sidearm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 100(2), 171-182. Igarashi, K., Kashiwagi, K. (2010). Characteristics of cellular transport in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(7), 506-512. Kryukov, K., Sumiyama, K., Ikeo, K., Gojobori, T., Saitou, N. (2012). A new database (GCD) on genome composition for eukaryote and prokaryote genome sequences and their initial analyses. Genome biology and evolution, 4(4), Kurland, C. G., Collins, L. Penny, D. (2006). Genomics and the irreducible nature of eukaryote cells. Science, 312(5776), 1011-1014. Lwe, J., Amos, L. A. (2009). Evolution of automotive filaments: the cytoskeleton from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The international journal of biochemistry cell biology, 41(2), 323-329. Sorek, R., Kunin, V., Hugenholtz, P. (2008). CRISPRa widespread system that provides acquired resistance against phages in bacteria and archaea. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(3), 181-186. Zimmer, C. (2009). On the origin of eukaryotes. Science, 325(5941), 666-668.