The Relationship between amount of sleep and reaction time

In addition, there have been many catastrophic events in the world caused by lack of sleep or fatigue in certain situations. These include the disaster of Coherency, the Challenger explosion In 1986 and the Exxon Valued oil spill, many claim, were caused by lack of sleep and fatigue. The employees at Coherency were overworked, working 13 hours or more. The pilots of the Challenger had a significant lack of sleep and the oil spill caused by the workers working over 22 hours per day. Furthermore, these catastrophic events are all that could be affected or prevented with a quick reaction time.Therefore, could the fatigue and lack of sleep have led to slower reaction times causing these events to occur or was it another variable that the fatigue caused? I wonder if there is a relationship between amount of sleep and reaction time. Plan: To find out the relationship between amount of sleep and reaction time, if there is one, I will be using two different type of investigation. Firstly, I will be doing some of the investigation myself by taking a sample from my year group and having them complete a test.In addition to that, I will also be getting results from other studies, Investigations and reports on the same experiment as the results would be more reliable and varied. For my own Investigation, since I am comparing, It Is difficult to have certain independent or dependent variables. However, since I am seeing how amount of sleep affects reaction time, as my independent variable, I will use the amount of sleep measured in hours and I will be using the reaction time measured in seconds. I will obtain the amount of sleep by asking the people within the sample and I will get the reaction time by having the sample take a free online test.For this investigation, I will be using convenience sampling since the investigation has a very small time limit and I will not have any resources available to investigate on a larger sample or to do sample which is outside of this sam ple. Therefore these results are quite unreliable since It Is only done on a very small group and It Is only convenience sampling so It only takes Into account a very small group of people in a certain location. This Is why I will also be using other Investigations, papers and studies to get more reliable and accurate information.I will have a sample of 15 people from etc. To find more reliable, accurate and more varied data. Once I have collected the results, I will firstly create a table out of the raw information to simply take down the results. Then, I will create a processed data able to make it easier to create graphs. Then I will work out averages for the reaction times and amount of sleep making them into box and whisker plots. Then, I will create a scatter graph to compare both my variables. I believe that the results will be that the amount of sleep has a very large influence over one's reaction time.This selection was purely reliability and credibility of the source as th e 2 most credible and reliable sources were chosen for the data and information. The first source was the paper â€Å"Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Reaction Time and Waking EGG Activity in Man† by the American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society, written by l. Lorenz, J. Ramose, C. Race, M. A. Guava and M. Coors-Caber. The second paper was by Mitch Leslie for the Stanford report with the name â€Å"Sleep impacts reaction time as much as alcohol. Both of these sources gave information such as averages, graphs and conclusions with some analysis but did not give the raw data. Therefore, some of this processed data could be misleading and could be biased. In addition, the data that these sources give are quite different compared to the data given from my investigations. This would mean that my results are probably unreliable as it was conducted on a very small group, none of the variables were changed so there was not much variety and the results were m ostly inaccurate.In addition, there are some missing values especially for the time some people went to the estimated hours of sleep they had gotten. I will treat this as all the other values although if they seem like outliers on a graph, it would be because they are inaccurate. To analyses, I will group the data and information by source treating them differently. Overall, I believe that I have enough data to analyses and to create a inclusion since I have the data I have collected and the information from the other studies.

Precautionary Principle

Precautionary Principle The precautionary principle was arguably developed and originally implemented in Germany and Sweden, and it is these nations that remain the leading proponents of it. For example, it was one of these nations (Germany) that put the precautionary principle on the international stage, and today with regard to environmental regulation (in particular chemicals) it is Sweden that is pushing forward precautionary legislation in the European Union. There is a conflict between those who support the principle and those who oppose it. For example, American policy-makers have become increasingly concerned with the use of the concept by the EU, seeing it as a threat to scientific risk analysis as the main tool for regulation used hitherto. Academics in the United States point out that the US had precautionary elements in their regulations during the 1970s; but these elements turned out to be excessively costly and faulty, and so were abandoned following a Supreme Court judgment in 1980 (in an infamous case concerning benzene) which insisted that regulation must depend on scientific proof of risk. There is no one definition of the precautionary principle. One Swedish author, Per Sandin, lists 19 formulations, often individually vague and mutually contradictory. [1] The most commonly used definition is contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration, which stated that in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. One of the more rigorous analyze of the meanings of the precautionary principle have been put forward in work by Wiener and Rogers. They argue that there are three different formulations of the precautionary principle. These are:[2] †¢ Uncertainty does not justify inaction. In its most basic form, the precautionary principle is a principle that permits regulation in the absence of complete evidence about the particular risk scenario. Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation-Bergen Declaration]. †¢ Uncertainty justifies action. This version of the precautionary approach is more aggressive. †¢ Uncertainty requires shifting the burden and standard of proof. This version of the precautionary principle is the most aggressive. It holds that uncertain risk requires forbidding the potentially risky activity until the proponent of the activity demonstrates that it poses no (or acceptable) risk. In this part of the report, the precautionary principle is analyzed in the context of the World Trade Organization and with respect to: i) GATT and exceptions in Article XX, ii) the Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and iii) the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The precautionary principle is the focus of intense debates in the fields of food safety and GMOs, particularly in the World Trade Organization. 3] Tensions over these issues grew in 1998 after an EC moratorium based on the precautionary principle was applied to GM products from the United States, Canada and Argentina. [4] In 2003, the affected exporting countries requested the establishment of a Dispute Settlement Body by the WTO. [5] World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) emerged on April 15,1994, predicated on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. [6] The reforms of this organization introduced ‘resolutions’ regardin g the environment. In its preamble, it mentions the ‘objective of sustainable development’ and â€Å"seeking both to protect and preserve the environment†. [7] In 1995, the Committee on Trade and the Environment was created to promote sustainable development and to identify a relationship between trade and the environment. [8] This Committee was created at the behest of the WTO at the end of the Uruguay Round. [9] WTO legislation since then has ad- dressed trade issues that substantially relate to the environment. 10] In spite of the ‘greening’ efforts to integrate the environment and trade, the WTO continues to pursue its objectives â€Å"by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangement directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international relations†. [11] WTO agreements that can potentially apply to ‘GMO restrictive measures’ contained in: Ar t. XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947,[12] The Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). 13] A concise application of GATT rules to the GMO controversy will probably not allow stringent regulation of transgenic products such as the one by the European Community and consequently, the WTO will not allow the application of the precautionary principle. Among the measures contained in the GATT agreement that may represent a problem for the application of precautionary measures is the definition of a ‘like product’[14] and the ostensible product regulation the WTO has employed for products. 15] If the WTO decides to take this approach under GATT to GMOs, it will be largely impossible to sustain bans on these products. The precautionary principle as well may not survive scrutiny from the WTO since it would need to show sufficient scientific evidence that health effects derive from the consumption of GM products. Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) The SPS agreement was created in 1993, which by WTO parties to help reduce the incidence of non-tariff trade barriers imposed to protect, ostensibly, human, animal or plant life. 16] The WTO describes the focus of the SPS agreement: â€Å"To maintain the sovereign right it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade†. [17] The SPS agreement does not provide states with acceptable sanitary standards; instead, it guides governments in establishing SPS rules. These guidelines are aimed at helping WTO members to (1) harmonize standards and (2) to assess the appropriate level of SPS protection based on an assessment of risks. Regarding (1) harmonization, under Art. , it recommends that states base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, whenever they exist. (2) With respect to the level of SPS protection, Art. 5 encourages states to base their sanitary standards of risks on scientific evidence. The precautionary principle or at least parts of this principle can be found in various parts of the SPS agreement. [18] Precaution is specifically incorporated in (1) the levels of protection, mentions that states can determine â€Å"the appropriate level of protection of human, animal or plant life or health†. 19] (2) In Art. 3. 3, which is precautionary in nature, the level of protection that can be implemented by states is addressed in the following manner: â€Å"members may introduce or maintain sanitary or Phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of protection than would be achieved on measures based on the international standards†[20] and (3) Art. 5. 7, states that states can adopt higher standards provisionally â€Å"in cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient†. 21] The first case to put to t he test precautionary measures under the SPS was the Beef Hormones Dispute,[22] which was based on an embargo imposed by the European Community against US beef treated with artificial growth-enhancing hormones. This case seems to indicate how the WTO applies the precautionary principle. In this case, the European Community did not look at international standards for selecting the SPS l protection level, namely, in the Codex. According to Art. 3. 3 of this agreement, the EC had a right to increase the level of protection only when the ‘higher protection’ was based on a risk assessment. According to article 5. 7, the EC could have chosen higher standards temporarily until it acquired scientific evidence to support the SPS measures. Accordingly, when countries regulate GMOs, and impose standards more stringent than those found on the international level, they will be required to demonstrate a rational relationship between the regulations and the respective risk assessment. With respect to the precautionary principle, both the WTO panel and the appellate body refused to consider its evolution into a principle of international law. 23] However, they recognized that it was the focus of debate â€Å"among academics, law practitioners, regulators and judges†. [24] The appellate body, though, found that the precautionary principle was ‘reflected’ in the SPS agreement, but did not override the specific obligations in that agreement. [25] Based on the hormones case, the SPS agreement’s version of the precautionary principle relies on a scientifical ly based risk assessment. This standard is not likely to afford protection in cases where scientific evidence has not yet been developed. Nevertheless, countries can impose restrictions based on â€Å"provisional measures† to protect, at least temporarily, human health. The temporary moratorium is still more attractive than any alternative yet devised. Core elements of the precautionary principle have been included in trade agreements, particularly, a) in the SPS agreement, b) in chapter XX of the GATT. Although exceptions in these agreements allude to precaution, the discussion of this principle has been directly addressed under the SPS agreement; particularly, in the Hormone Case. The Appellate Body, in this case, said that the provisions of the SPS Agreement embraced the precautionary principle. [26] This principle, however, has been interpreted as being subordinated to clear and convincing scientific evidence to deal with uncertainties caused by lack of scientific evidence. The WTO, when deciding the case between the US and the EC over the moratorium on transgenic products,[27] is obliged by its own decisions to consider its rules not in isolation but in accordance with international law. 28] The precautionary measures by the EC have to be interpreted in accordance with multilateral environmental agreements. [29] The precautionary principle rests in the hands of the WTO; the way these institutions will interpret this principle will shape the future of protection in the international arena. If the WTO declares illegal the EC moratorium on transgenic products, countries will be reluctant to apply the precautionary principle even when the application of this pr inciple is required by a multilateral environmental agreement such as the Cartagena Protocol. An attack on the precautionary principle by the WTO can result in international conflicts between the trade and environmental regimes. Regional View of Precautionary Principle At the regional level, the precautionary principle has been embraced in different ways. In the European Community (EC), this principle plays a fundamental role in biodiversity and health protection, particularly in the field of GMOs. In North America, this principle does not play as fundamental a role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, but has been tangentially alluded to when GMO issues have been raised. The precautionary principle is particularly essential in the management of risk, which is considered in the EC within a structured approach to the analysis of risk encompassing, such as risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. To apply the precautionary principle, decision makers need to start with a scientific evaluation as comprehensive as possible for the purpose of identifying the degree of uncertainty. [30] Unlike in the European Community, the precautionary principle does not play a central role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 31] The principle is, nevertheless somehow embraced in this agreement through national legislation. It can be said, however, that the mere creation of the Commission of Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a precautionary measure to prevent parties from indiscriminately exploiting the environment in the name of trade. While the CEC furthers environmental protection by promoting citizen complaints, its effectiveness is yet to be seen, particularly in the promotion and endorsement of environmental principles such as the precautionary principle. Conclusion In the areas of trade and environmental law, the GMO debate has escalated to the WTO. This organization, when considering the European moratoriums, will definitely shape the application of this principle. If the WTO finds European regulation to be inconsistent with trade agreements, countries will be less willing to apply this principle. At the regional level, while this principle has not been embraced in NAFTA, core elements are contained in national legislation. Although the precautionary principle has been considered in NAFTA by the CEC, this environmental organization is not fully independent and lacks authority to truly promote environmental values such as the precautionary principle. It has also argued that the precautionary principle is not contrary to science but to provide answers with regard to new technologies and in this case, GMOs. With regard to the foundations of this principle, it was argued that it was based on common sense (natural law), and that some of these elements are embodied in the statute of the international court of justice. The precautionary principle departs from anthropocentric attitudes and encompasses a holistic approach. It is not a definite solution and it will not change the world overnight,[32] but it can make a difference in the protection of human health and the environment by providing guidance to policy makers when considering threats posed by GMOs. Bibliography R. Burnett & V. Bath, Law of International Business in Australasia, The Federation Press, 2009. J. Mo, International Commercial Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th edition, 2008. ———————– 1] P Sandin, ‘Dimensions of the precautionary principle' Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 5(1999), n. 5, pp. 889-907. [2] JB Wiener and MD Rogers, ‘Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe', forthcoming in Journal of Risk Research, pp. 4-5. [3] Shaw, Sabrina y Schwartz, Risa, â€Å"The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO: Reflections on the Precautionary Principleâ⠂¬ , 10 Swiss Review of International and European Law at 537. [4] Bridgers, supra note 2, at 181 y 182. [5] Isaac, Grant E. y Kerr, William A. , Genetically Modified Organisms at the World Trade Organization: A Harvest of Trouble (2003) 37 J. World Trade at 1083. [6] Macmil l an, Fiona, WTO and the Environment, London, Sweet & Maxwel l , 2001, at 7. [7] See preamble of Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [8] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 12. [9] Ibidem, at 12 y 13. [10] Ibidem, at 12-16. Among the cases the WTO has addressed are: the Tuna-Dolphin cases, The Automobiles case, The Reformulated Gasoline and the Sea Turtle Case. [11] WTO preamble, supra note 93. [12] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11 TIAS 1700 UNTS 194, as modified by Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [13] Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (15 April 1994), & â€Å"WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 69†. http://www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps. pdf. [14] Art. 2. 6 of the Agreement of Implementation of Art. VI of the GATT 1994 on Antidumping and Countervailing Measures reads as follows: â€Å"Throughout this Agreement the term ‘like product’ (product similarity) shall be interpreted to mean a product which is identical, i. . alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration†. [15] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994. http://www. wto. org/english /docs_e/legal_e/19-adp. pdf. [16] Grosko, Brett, â€Å"Genetic Engineering and Internacional Law: Conflict or Harmony? An analysis of the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement† (2001) 20 Va. Envtl. L. J. 295 at 308. [17] WTO, â€Å"Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures†. http://www. wto. org/wto/goods/spsund. htm. [18] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [19] SPS agreement, supra note 99, see preamble (1) 6. [20] Ibidem, Article 3. 3. [21] Ibidem, Article 5. 7. [22] EC Measures Concerning Meat & Meat Products, Panel Reports: Case WI/DS26/R/USA, August 18, 1997 & WT/DS48/R/CAN, August 18, 1997; Appellate Body Report: WT/DS26/AB/R&WT/DS48/AB/R, January 16, 1998 in supra note 115. 23] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 153 y 154. [24] Ibidem, at 153 y 154. [25] â€Å"World Trade Organization, summary on the Precautionary Principle,† http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c8s2pl_e. htm. [26] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [27] Dispute Settlement Body, Panel WTO: European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/27, WT/DS292/21 and WT293/21, http://www. wto. org/english/ tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e. htm#gmos. 28] Appellate Body Report AB-1996-1,WT/DS2/AB/R at supra note 130. [29] Shaw, supra note 88. [30] Commission of the European Communities, â€Å"Communication of the application of the Precautionary Principle†, (2000). http://europa. eu. int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0001en01. pdf. [31] Raustiala, Kal, â€Å"Precaution in the Federal Legislation of the NAFTA parties†, North America Environmental Law Policy Commission of Environmental Cooperation. http://www. cec. org/files/pdf/lawpolicy/naelp10_en. pdf. [32] Vanderzwaag, supra note 22 at 374 y 375.

Economic Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Executive Summary - Essay Example With over 300 commercial wholesale accounts and nearly 100,000 people residing in the area, there is a need to set effective business strategy to get success. Therefore, the company has set competitive prices for its products considering the intensity of the competition in that area. At present, the company is leasing a one-story building at 123 Main Street for $550 per month. There is also an option of buying it for a heavy sum of $105,000. As far as the usage of the building is concerned, it is for commercial use at this point of time. The reason is that main street is a heavily traveled tourist route where there are a number of businesses offering tourism services to the customers. Finestkind adheres to the principles of quality to conduct business activities. Provision of the premium-quality seafood to both retail and wholesale customers is going to be the key to success for the business. These days, Gosling and Swan are planning to shift from 40 percent wholesale and 60 percent retail to 60 percent wholesale and 40 percent retail. The reason is that the owners believe that the actual profit is there in the wholesale business. Retail business is also profitable and is likely to grow rapidly in the nearest future but the company’s actual focus is on expanding its wholesale business because of huge profits. As far as the main competitors of the company are concerned, they are Fred’s fish, Kingfisher, and Job’s Seafoods. Fred’s fish is a scattered operation in which there is one truck reserved for making the rounds. There is also a small counter taken on lease from one of Anytown’s supermarkets. Finestkind has been successful in cutting the sales graph of Fred’s fish by providing quality products to the customer within promised time and at competitive price. The second main competitor of the company is Kingfisher. Kingfisher is also a famous company in Anytown operating its business successfully. However, there is a

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Sensor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sensor - Research Paper Example The feedback system is designed so well that it updates the status of input torque in fraction of a second and as a result exoskeleton keeps working accordingly; and works well with frequent torque changes. A heel pressure sensor is required that produces an electrical signal whenever heel touches the ground or force is sensed on the heels because of its interaction with the ground. Signal from this sensor helps in regulating the sequential movement of the exoskeleton. These force sensors are usually generated by making use of a couple of force sensors but in our design use of a simple piezoelectric or capacitive device works well as a heel sensor and is placed on the heel of the exoskeleton design on the side that is directly in touch with the ground. In order to accurately track the force applied by the user to the legs on the exoskeleton distributed force sensors will be used. These sensors help in measuring distributed forces being applied by the human body over a specified area rather than collective force applied to the entire leg. This approach of distributed force helps to track the applied force at any given point on the leg during the gait to check for proper rehabilitation of the leg. Sensors placed under each heel will sense whether the foot is in contact with the ground, signaling to the leg that the motion should come back to a standing phase. Myographic Sensors Electro-Myographic sensors are used to directly measure the electrical activity of human muscles. In case of exoskeleton, myographic sensors can be placed on the belly of muscle. In this case, electrical activity of human muscles is directly translated to force that is being exerted by the leg onto the exoskeleton, by measuring the amplitude of the force. There is a limitation in using EMG technique in the design of lower limb exoskeleton. If EMG is incorporated in the design of exoskeleton then wearing this device would not remain convenient for the patients as electro-myographic sensors need direct interface to the skin. This can be avoided by making use of acoustic myographic techniques. In short these sensors are used to keep record of the current muscular activity of the lower limb and helps in detecting whether or not the lower limb is capable of recovering to its original state. Other than that these sensors can also be incorporated to replace strain gauges that are being used in our design to measure the force being applied by the leg on the exoskeleton. This can be done by simply applying acoustic sensors between the knee and ankle of the human leg and the resulting signals can be transformed into energy magnitude. From this force being exerted on the lower limb can be determined easily. Acoustic sensors are not able to provide direct signal to the control system as the signal is too low when observed in terms of voltage. Therefore, we need pre-processing circuitry to reduce hardware induced noise as well as improve signal quality. BU-7135 is an acceleromete r based acoustic myographic sensor. It is covered with a silicon case and accelerometer is placed within this cover. It is then protected by a layer of PCB and air chamber is also provided before having contact either the skin through silicone membrane. Here is the detailed diagram showing the internal structure of the device. The AMG sensor is not used individually within the circuit, rather pre-amplification circuit is provided along the sensor to get better signal. Here is the design of

Early Complex Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early Complex Societies - Essay Example During this period society consisted of small groups and developed language, rituals, and used basic tools made of stone. The Neolithic Revolution, a term given the adoption of agriculture, transformed economic, political, and social organization. Its beginning can be found in the Middle East as early as 10,000 B.C.E. The use of agriculture gradually spread or was adopted independently in centers, including parts of India, North Africa, America and Europe. It was not until about 3500 B.C.E. that the changes brought about by the Neolithic revolution brought about the development of early complex societies. Locations situated close to fertile river banks suited the development early complex societies because their economic production was based upon agriculture. Rivers were also used for cleansing and drinking as modern reticulation did not exist. Irrigation methods and calendars were developed to advance agricultural efficiency. Later, boats were constructed and used for transportation and trade. As the societies grew denser some of the other technological advances introduced were the potter's wheel, wheeled vehicles, improved shipbuilding allowing seafaring ships, and bronze tools. The four great river valleys commonly recognised as forming the basis of early civilizations are the Tigris and Euphrates river valley in Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley in India, the Nile River valley in Africa, and the Huang He River valley in China (Stearns, Adas Et al.) Technology and the reorganisation of societal structures increased the economic viability of the now sedentary communities causing population sizes to increase dramatically. As the populations had vested interests in their land, ownership of property became more important which lead to increasingly complex societies where specialization, economic, political, and religious functions flourished. The increases in economic production also promoted migration and trade, which furthered the diffusion of the technologies and intellectual capital necessary for the spread of early social complexity. Horse domestication ( +- 4000 B.C.E.) and bronze metallurgy played a pivotal role in this and influenced the development of societies from China to Egypt. Advances in transportation technologies between approximately 3500 and 2000 B.C.E., such as "wheeled carts and wagons appeared in Mesopotamia" (Bentley 760), the construction of seaworthy sailing vessels by the Mesopotamians and Egyptians meant that although the population of the early complex society were sedentary, they did not develop exclusively in isolation. According to Bentley, "Mesopotamians and Egyptians traded with each other at least by 3500 B.C.E" (Bentley 760). The theory that the ideas and technology necessary for the formation of complex societies spreads through migration and trade is called the cultural diffusionism. The Olmec society in the Americas (1400 BCE to about 400 BCE) is a notable exception as in terms of this theory cultural diffusionism could not have been the sole driving force for the spread of complex societies. Middle Eastern complex societies began in about 3500 B.C.E. with the Mesopotamians and continued with the Sumerians. In around 1800 B.C.E., the Babylonian Empire came to supremacy uniting all

The Classical Symphony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Classical Symphony - Essay Example Symphony has evolved since the middle of the eighteenth century, as stated by Dorak. His study stated that the Bohemian Stamitz first established a new form in the orchestra. In my research, another study made by Think Quest indicated that the history of the symphony was traced to the Baroque period. It was during this time there were musical performances in concert halls. Accordingly, these musical performances gradually evolved into the development of the â€Å"sonata† where composers realized that eventually lead to the beginning of the symphony. The classical orchestra is composed of four sections: the string section, the woodwind section, the brass section and the percussion section. In a study of the Sections of the Orchestra, it was detailed that the string sections are divided into four parts. These parts are the: first violins, second violins, violas, and cellos and double basses. The woodwind section is composed of two oboes, two flutes, two bassoons, and two clarine ts. The brass section, on the other hand, consists of two trumpets, four horns, three trombones, and a tuba. Finally, the percussion section is composed of pair of timpani (kettledrums), a side drum (snare drum), a bass drum, cymbals, and a triangle. These are the basic groups of instruments used in an orchestra. It is interesting to note that as revealed in the same study on the Sections of the Orchestra, most orchestras today have a piano and a harp to complement the other instruments, as needed.

Pricing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Pricing Strategy Essay To set a pricing strategy, there are number of steps taken into consideration as follows: Step 1: Our pricing objectives are to maximize market share and increase sales volume. This strategy will be used when TrackR is being launched into the market. We charge a reasonable price in order for TrackR to be accessible in the market as quickly as possible and also to encourage the interest and excitement of a product. Because of the low price, we are able to raise the sales volume easily, maximize the market share and reach the economic of scale as soon as possible. In order to boost the sales even more, we will offer promotion followed by the product launch, which will later be discussed in the later section. Eventually, we can penetrate the market and create brand awareness. Step 2: Being a monopoly of TrackR, we have a sole power of controlling price and quantity, but before we set a final price, we must observe the demand. TrackRcan be classified as normal goods for specific groups of people. While the price remains unchanged, people tend to buy more normal goods when their income increases and they less likely to buy normal goods when their income falls. TrackR is price elastic meaning consumers are responsive/ sensitive to a change in price. If we decide to elevate the price of TrackR, the quantity demand will be declined. Step 3: We also need to estimate the costs associated with TrackR. All costs can be broken down into 2 categories; fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs include salary, rent, PR and promotion and sales promotion, which come down to 3 million baht per month while the variable costs comprise of unit cost, shipping fee and exchange rate which are 375 baht per unit. Step 4: Analyzing competitors’ costs, prices, and offerings. Our competitors can potentially be online retailers, for example, eBay or Find my iPhone. TrackR eBay Find my iPhone Price ? $25 ~ 800 baht Free Cost No additional cost Shipping fee + duty Offering Warranty, Service No after sales service Apple products only Step 5: We divide our consumers into 2 segments; B2B and B2C so we will use different strategies to different potential buyers. For B2B buyers, we will sign a contract and sell them over a large volume at a reasonable price range regarding the numbers of unit purchased. By having cost advantages over competitors as you can see on the previous slide, we are able to build up a barrier protecting us from new entrants entering the market. On the other hand, as we aim to achieve our objective of increasing the sales volume, we set an affordable price making it accessible to B2C consumers so we can increase the sales volume and eventually achieve economic of scale. We begin using value based pricing approach for both buyers, which sets prices primarily upon the value perceived/estimated by the consumers rather than the costs of the product. In other words, value based pricing is a valuation of good or service according to how much consumers are willing to pay. We have done a market survey to see at what price consumers would like to spend. It could be somewhat arbitrary but it greatly assistances in an effective marketing of product in understanding impact of good or service has on consumers. We then use break-even analysis, which represents a point at which total cost and total revenue are equal: there is no loss or gain at this point. It purposely uses to determine the minimum output that must be reached in order to make a profit. It is a rough indicator of a marketing activity and also provides a dynamic view of relationships between costs, sales and profits. We also use quantity discount for B2B purchaser, which is an incentive offered to our potential purchasers resulting in a reduced cost per unit of goods when acquired in a greater volume. A quantity discount will be proposed to tempt our buyers to purchase in larger quantities. Step 6: Now, we have come down to a conclusion of TrackR’s final price. Here are the base prices for both B2B and B2C buyers.

Marriott International: An Analysis

Marriott International: An Analysis Marriott International has culture and tradition of innovation, service and leading performance. Marriott International has achieved competitive advantage over the other competitors through three conceptual frameworks: Porters Five Forces approaches, the resources based approaches and the rational approach. Through this approaches Marriott International has identified the source of competitive advantage. This report is primarily based on explaining how the Marriot International Inc. has successfully managed the strategic moves and competing with the strong rivals in the hospitality sector. This report also critically evaluates the strategic moves, competitive strength, internal and external environment of the company. Introduction Marriott International is a leading operator, franchisor, and licensor of hotels, corporate housing properties, and timeshare properties under numerous brand names at different price and service points. It has more than 3700 properties worldwide. It is expanded to 73 countries and have 18 brands. Innovation, service and leading performance is always the key priority of Marriott International. Fortune ® magazine has included Marriott International in the most admired company in lodging industry and also as one of the best places to work. This report critically evaluates the Marriott Internationals strategic profile. (Marriott International Inc., 2012) History Marriott International has categorized its glowing history in 4 groups; period between 1927 to 1956 is known as early years, growth years are between 1957 to 1985, modern years are between 1986 to 2011 and the years ahead is 2012 and onwards. Marriott was founded in 1927 by J. Willard Marriott and his wife in Washington D.C. as a root beer stand. Due to the humid summer of Washington D.C. the Hot Shoppe gradually became the popular place to get cool drinks to quench the thirst. For winter season hot Mexican dishes like tamales, chili, and tacos were the profitable items. In 1929 Hot Shoppes was incorporated in Delaware as Hot Shoppes Inc. Hot Shoppes went public in 1953 by opening its first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott in Arlington, Virginia. Marriot did its first international expansion in 1966 by acquiring an airline catering kitchen in Caracas, Venezuela. Marriott became Marriott Corporation in 1967. Cruise lines were added to Marriott Corporation in 1971 and in 1972 J. W. Marriott, Jr. the son of JW Marriot Became the CEO. Farrells ice cream parlors became the part of Marriott Corporation in 1972 and also two theme parks near Chicago and San Francisco came to operation in 1976. In 1977 Marriot Corporation became a billion dollar company. In 1982 the company acquired Host International and opened first Courtyard hotel in 1983. In next year company entered in the vacation timeshare and senior-living market. In 1987 Marriott entered in the lower-moderate lodging segment by acquiring Fairfield Inn and Residence Inn. Again in 1993 the company once again broke down into Marriott International and Host International. In the year of 1995 Marriott International acquired Ritz Carlton Hotel Company. Marriott International introduced Marriott Executive Residence, Towneplace Suites and Fairfield Suites in 1997 by acquiring Renaissance Hotel Group. In 2006 Marriott International announced that all Marriott establishments in US and Canada are non-smoking zone. Marriott has very colorful past and it grew old with innovation and on the other hand it focused more on mergers and acquisitions. In the modern years Marriott International opened the first Bulgari Hotels Resort property in Milan, Italy. In the year of 2008 The Edition brand was introduced. Marriott International continued its growth in 2009 as well. In this year company launched Autograph Collection, which is a luxury and upscale independen t brand hotels. In the year of 2012 Marriott International got its third CEO, Arne Sorenson in the companys history. Strategy Management According to the Bill Marriott, Sustainability means being good corporate citizen and environmentally steward and promoting economic growth, diversity and inclusion in our communities worldwide. Marriott International is growing bigger every day. Marriott International is focusing more on Asia, Africa and Middle East in these days. Marriott International has well planned strategies like New Generation Travelers, Brand Distinction, Portfolio Power, Technology Leadership, Owner Preference and Global Growth. These strategies are formulated to compete with the rival chains. Beside these strategies Marriott International has CSR strategy known as Spirit to serve our communities, which is social approach to stay ahead from the competition. Company has strategic management program to catch up with latest trend and development in the marketplace. Marriott International developed great room lobby experience for the Next Generation Travelers in 2007 and is expanded to 190 countries of the more than 500 Marriott hotels and resorts. Company has planned to expand this program to more than 80% of Marriott properties worldwide with in 2015. Marriott International is also trying to minimize its labor costs in its corporate offices despite the greater expansion of the company itself. There will be altogether 100 hotel in India alone within 2016. In china Marriott planning to open new hotels in faster pace than the rival hotel chains. The economies of China and India are somewhat slowing down but the travel and tourism industry is still growing in the positive speed and Marriott International wants to capture the growing market travel and tourism by adding new rooms. MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT Marriott International does not have a mission statement; rather, it has a vision statement which is To be the #1 hospitality company in the world. (Marriott International Inc., 2012) INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Large Expansion of Brands Peoples business Geographic Presence Global leader More franchise Website and Social Network Focused divestiture Efforts Attract and retain employees Culture retention against the identities of the brands Brand Equity Strong Internet presence Adequate IT solutions Over-reliance on US market Over dependence on luxury brands Lack of low-cost lifestyle brands targeted by fundamentalists or extremists Opportunities Threats Emerging Asian Travel and Tourism Markets Trend of low-cost market Distinction amongst hotel service offered Environmentally and Family Oriented Decrease of cost of real estate in the USA Eco-tourism Timeshare not popular anymore Economic Recession = lower consumer spending Boom of Economy Hotel Brand Political instability Terrorism PEST Analysis External environment needs to be analyzed in timely manner in order to be competitive on todays market place. The environment is changing all the time and company must be responsive to the changing environment. To take effective actions. PEST is the effective tool to analyze external environment of the organization. Marriott International is the leading hospitality management company. Its political, economic, social and technological environment analysis are as follows: Political Environment Marriott International has recognized the value of laws and regulations of the individual nation and acted accordingly in the past and present. The political scenario in each country is different and must be addressed properly. Marriott has followed protocol designed by the individual nation like; no smoking policy, non-fat food, low calorie diet etc. Economic Environment The growing economy of the Asia and other developing region is motivating Marriott International to invest more in these areas. On the other hand, the increasing price of gasoline is encouraging Marriott International to focus on clean energy and to be more environment friendly by decreasing the use of synthetic fuels, which also helps in controlling the cost of the operations Social Environment People today like to travel and explore new places. Marriott is extending travel network in America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. Visiting friends and family abroad today is very easy due to the advancement in transportation system. Marriot International must recognize this market and develop plan to attract these markets. Technological Environment The world today is like global village. Technology is connecting the world and gathering the people in one place. People travel today more frequently than in the past. Reservation, payment, check in and check out can be done seamlessly. Marriott International has adopted technological innovation in faster pace than the competitors. Technological and innovation is the key priority of Marriott International. 3) FORCES OF FRAME WORK Buyer Power The buyer power in the Hospitality industry is moderate. As the Marriott International has strong brand recognition, it can attract new guest easily with little effort of marketing and promotions. The company can also keep its repeat business because the switching cost or risk for the guest is uncertain. Marriott International is providing quality service consistently and giving the best experience to its guest at all level. Supplier Power The supplier power is moderate for Marriott International as the supplier power in Hospitality Industry is fragmented. Property owners, developers, architects, real estate companies, marketing firms, law firms and information technology service and equipment suppliers are some example of supplier in the industry. Suppliers are in different shapes and sizes. Food and beverage supplier, utility supplier and labor supplier are also key player, as they are major stakeholder in minimizing operational cost of operation. Threat of New Entrants Threat of new Entrants for Marriot International is considerably high due to the substantial growth in hospitality industry in past few years. The unfavorable economic condition of some European countries also have lowered the value of land and real estate and it is very likely to attract new entrepreneur in the hospitality industry. The economic growth in South Asia and Asia Pacific is also maximizing the threat of new entrants. Threat of Substitution Threat of substitution for Marriott International is low in the developed nations and premium market place. In developing nations, the threat of substitution is high due to the innovative concepts in travel and tourism industry like; homestay campaign, camping, informal visit to friends and family. There is a threat of substitution but we cannot compare the service level provided in the informal sector with the Marriott level of service. Degree of Rivalry The threat of rivalry in the hospitality industry is moderate for Marriott International. In hospitality industry, key players are large branded chains. Marriott is facing strong competition from the other same sized chain brands but it is gaining its competitive advantage through the diversification of business in specialized segments. Marriott is expanded in 73 countries and has 18 brands which is the main reason that Marriott is ahead from its competitor. Beside this, Marriotts strong brand equity, strong commitment for guest satisfaction, consistent and quality service is helping Marriott to stay ahead from its rivals. RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES Marriott International has a strong presence in the hospitality market due to its efficient operation, effective marketing, specific market segmentation by diversification of revenue and economies of scale on operations. Marriott is capable of managing all of its operations on its own. Strong commitment to service and guest satisfaction is Marriotts priority. Satisfied investor and shareholders, motivated employees in all level, strong corporate culture is driving Marriott International in the right track of its journey to more satisfied guest, motivated employees and prosperous owners and shareholders. DECISION MAKING CRITICAL THEMES CONCLUSION Are you Thirsty? Analysis of Pepsi Advert Are you Thirsty? Analysis of Pepsi Advert Briauna McGrew You wake up in the middle of the night and youre standing in front of your refrigerator with your eyes squinted because of the bright light trying to decide what you want to drink. Then you finally see it, even with your squinted eyes, the exact thing you had been craving since you went to sleep and then dreamed about until the moment you woke up, a Pepsi. So, you grab that glorious Pepsi excited to take a drink and feel the bubbly delicious drink run down your dry throat. Once you take a drink you start to think back to what first got you started drinking this yummy, bubbly, delicious pop. Then you remember the ad that you saw in a magazine that made you laugh out loud so you just had to try the pop. In this ad they used one of Americas famous holidays to get peoples attention and they also made it funny which is something that everyone loves, if someone sees something funny and they are a fun person, more than likely they are going to look into whatever it is that made them laugh, I know I do. When I first looked at this ad the very first thing that I notice is the Pepsi can wearing a Coca-Cola cape. So it is obviously a Pepsi ad trying to get people to drink Pepsi. They are trying to send out a message that Coke is scary and Pepsi is just a normal pop. The only saying on this ad is We wish you a scary Halloween!. This is a big part of them saying that Coke is scary because when you dress up for Halloween you try to be scary, so the Pepsi can is trying to be scary by dressing up as a Coke can. I also got the feeling that when they say We wish you a scary Halloween they are saying that it would be scary if Pepsi turned into Coke When you think of scary things you want to stay away from them, such as shark infested water, if you had to choose between swimming in water that had no living things in it and swimming in water that was infested with sharks I am almost certain you would choose the one with no living things. I think thats what Pepsi is getting at with this ad. Pepsi is a very hip company because they try to appeal to the younger people so they talk their parents into buying it so they can drink it. The colors are key in this ad because if they didnt get the colors just right this could very easily become helpful to Coke and not Pepsi, but because they are professionals at advertisements they used the exact colors needed. In the back ground of the picture are rocks on a hill or a mountain but when you look at it you can see kind of a blue undertone in these rocks, almost like they put a very faint blue tint to the entire picture. If you look at the Coke cape the colors are very dull and aggressive and the shadows on the cape have hints of blue in them which is the main color of a Pepsi can. They made sure that the red on the Pepsi can was a different and more bright red than the red on the Coke cape. They kind of have light coming from the top of the picture and the bottom of the picture so the can just looks so bold. The Pepsi can itself is more bright even though it is under a Coke cape it still pops out. The white on the Pepsi can is a brighter white and the white on the cape is a little more dull. The Pepsi can has some reflecting light on it to make it pop out even more. The top of the Pepsi can has a very bright sun reflection so it makes the can catches the readers eye and makes them look. The whole picture is more of a dark picture but they made sure to make the Pepsi logo very very bright so that it would stand out so that people would know for sure what the ad was for. They made sure to place the sunlight in the perfect place to make the Pepsi can stick out the most. They made the can in general very bold so that your eye is just drawn straight to the can. The colors are very important but the position the can in is important as well. When you look at it it looks like the can is standing tall and is a dominate thing. They make it look like there is a gentle breeze because the Coke cape is open and just looks like it is blowing in the wind, kind of like at the end of a super hero movie when the hero stands on a high mountain top and overlooks the city that he takes care of and they make sure there is a gentle breeze blowing through making their cape blow around and they just look so dominate, thats the feel that I get from this, because they are making this cape blow in the wind it is kind of making the Coca-Cola in this picture a lot less dominate because the word is all wrinkled up and you cant see it as well, you cant see the whole Pepsi word but they have the most important letters of the name in there, the whole name is Pepsi and they have the eps in there so pretty much all of the letters that make up the word Pepi are included, s o people just know what they are looking at. The can is standing right between 2 boulders that kind of make a V or an arrow that kind of points right to the can that also helps with drawing your eyes straight to the can. Also the moss that is throughout the entire picture is isnt a strong point but I can feel the moss kind of guiding your eyes right to the can. To sum everything up, it doesnt seem like this Pepsi ad used a lot of things to try to sell their product but they did. They didnt use a lot of wording but they didnt need to, they kind of came off as a the can speaks for itself kind of thing. They made the colors all hit in the perfect spot and they made all the high lights and low lights perfect. They made the can seem dominate without even saying anything. They made everything in the picture just point straight at the can but they didnt make the pointing too harsh they just kind of slowly guided your eye straight to the can. In my opinion they did an amazing job in this ad just because they didnt use many words but they still got what they wanted to get into everyone that sees this ad head.   So what do you think? Are you going to begin drinking Pepsi? http://www.emlii.com/images/article/2014/02/5300bef02e394.jpeg

Instant Messaging the Conversation of Tomorrow :: Computers Communication Essays

Instant Messaging the Conversation of Tomorrow I can remember my first day here at Eastern Michigan University. I moved in all of my belongings, including the new computer my parents bought me to start off the new school year. After setting everything up in my room I hooked up the computer and signed on to my AOL Instant Messenger for the first time. I wanted a screen name that would some how reflect my personality and ended up with butterfly3742. The butterfly referring to my free spirit emerging from the cocoon of my parent’s home, and the 3742 was the last four digits of my brand new very own telephone number. As the school year slowly progressed I added tons of new buddies to my â€Å"cool people† list, also friends from high school and home that went away to other universities started signing on so it became the easiest and most economical way to stay in touch. Instead, of being on the phone till all hours of the night, I was typing away at my computer with whoever was online at the time. My parents were ecstatic because I managed to keep my long distance phone bill at the bare minimum. They rewarded my money saving tactics through other means. Basically, the instant messenger became a standard, resourceful, and economical way of keeping in touch through writing with friends from my past and friends in my present. Instant messenger is an easy tool used for written communication that has taken the world by storm. No longer is it cool as a student to use your phone, or other written materials as a form of interaction among friends. Authors are also beginning to see reading from the screen as becoming the norm of our society. As reading texts on screen is becoming a more accepted practice, using the IM is becoming the standard form of written communication for many adolescents across the globe. Writer James Sosnoski also accepts the custom of reading on screen becoming a norm. â€Å"Though I readily acknowledge that many persons do not like to read from their screens at this time, I assume that over a period of time, the practice will become so habitual that it will seem â€Å"natural†- just as it now seems customary to use a computer rather than a typewriter.

Culture Schock Essay -- essays research papers

Culture in ancient times was defined as â€Å"the sum total of the equipment of the human individual, which enables him to be attuned to his immediate environment on the historical past on the other†. It reflects in effect what humans have added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society and includes, in addition to the arts and letters, the value systems, traditions, modes of life and beliefs of the society. It also absorbs from other cultures and undergoes changes with time, sometimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15). Culture shock is a severe psychological reaction that results from adjusting to the realities of a society radically different from one’s own. The actual degree of culture shock may vary depending on the differences and similarities between the society studied and the persons’ own society. The symptoms may range from mild irritation to surprise or disgust. (Scupin, 124). Usually after the person experiencing culture shock learns the norms, beliefs, and practices of the community, the psychological disorientation of culture shock begins to diminish. This paper will be based upon culture shock and international business. There are three areas where culture shock could affect you: 1. Emotions-you have to cope with the stress of international work and keeping an emotional balance in order to perform in a business. 2. Thinking style- you have to understand how your counterparts think and be able to develop culturally effective solutions. 3. Social skills and social identity- you need effective social skills to establish new business relationships. (Marx, 25). This differs from manager to manager, some managers seem to adapt in an almost chameleon –like way to different countries, whereas others cling desperately to their habits and their national approaches. Working in a new culture can produce a variety of reactions, such as;  · Confusion about what to do  · Anxiety  · Frustration  · Exhilaration  · Inappropriate social behavior  · Inability to get close to your business partner and clinch the deal  · Feeling isolated  · Becoming depressed All of the above are possible reactions to culture shock, the shock we experience when we are confronted with the unknown the â€Å"foreign†. The term culture shock was coined by the anthropologists Oberg, who explained both the symptoms and the process o... ...location. It is as likely to occur in a country near your home base as in posting further afield.  · As soon as you arrive in your new location, identify all the opportunities for building support networks with other international managers and local people.  · As with any stressful situation, fight it, don’t give in to it. So don’t resort to escapist strategies such as drinking or eating too much and don’t deny your symptoms.  · Ask other international managers for guidance on the issues and problems to look out for. Learn from their experience  · Give yourself time to adapt and don’t rush into too many work-related projects as the start of the assignment. Make sure that the organization gives you this time too.  · Don’t hesitate to seek professional help of symptoms persist despite your coping effort. Help may be available within your company or externally through counselors or the medical profession.  · Expect the same symptoms to reoccur when you come home. Reverse culture shock is normal.  · Think about the positive aspects of culture shock-people who experience it adapt better to their new environment than those who do not.  · Retain a sense of humor! (Marx, 18). Word Count: 1199

Allegory of Faith by Johannes Vermeer Essay -- Painting Allegory Faith

Allegory of Faith by Johannes Vermeer The painting, Allegory of Faith, located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, was created by the Dutch Baroque painter Johannes Vermeer. This study of the painting will focus on the subject matter, composition, and the symbolic meaning of the painting in relation to the Catholic faith, as well as the controversy surrounding the success of the painting among modern critics. The characteristic Baroque qualities of this painting will be illuminated through comparison with examples of Dutch 17th century paintings, Vermeer’s other works, and an analysis of his painting technique and style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Allegory of Faith is considered to be one of Vermeer’s least successful works by some art historians. The painting features a large, pale skinned woman, whose one foot is resting on a globe while she’s staring nowhere in particular in what would appear to be a state of ecstasy. Her left arm is lying on what looks like an altar with a gold chalice, an open Bible, and a crucifix, while her right hand is holding her left breast. On the marble floor there is an apple with a bite taken out of it along with a snake crushed by some masonry. There is a curtain hanging unconvincingly against a chair and a glass sphere hanging from the ceiling. Finally, on the wall in the background, hangs a painting of the Crucifixion, which has been identified as a work by Jacob Jordaens, a Flemish painter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Allegory of Faith was possibly painted for the Catholic chaplain in The Hague, Pere Leon, although it ended up with a Protestant collector before it was sold. Even so, the work would have probably been better titled Allegory of the Catholic Faith. This is because its main function is most definitely to be a representation of faith as defined by the Roman Catholic Church. The glass sphere, attached to the ceiling by a ribbon, for example, was taken ... ...hs 61>> Still the most important aspect of Vermeer’s work is the atmosphere created by his use of light. It seems to scatter throughout the scene, gently touching the colors while being slightly modified by them. In conclusion, the Allegory of Faith presents an interesting and innovative, if somewhat controversial, effort on Jan Vermeer’s part. Despite the uncharacteristic choice of subject matter, the painting still possesses most of the qualities of his later work. It also underscores Vermeer’s allegiance to Catholicism, despite the Netherlands falling under Protestant control. Finally, it is a significant and somewhat unusual work in the Baroque period of art history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Arasse, Daniel. Vermeer: Faith In Painting. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994. Bailey, Anthony. Vermeer: A View of Delft. New York: Henry Holt, 2001. Fuchs, R. H. Dutch Painting. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978. Pops, Martin. Vermeer: Consciousness and the Chamber of Being. Ann Harbor: UMI Research Press, 1984. Snow, Edward. A Study of Vermeer. Berkley: University of California Press, 1979. End Notes

Aiims and Objectives

Task 1 – The aims and objectives of Tesco & Nike Aims: An aim is a goal of which a business wants to achieve. For example, some businesses aim to expand whilst others aim to survive. Another aim that a business can have is selling as much as possible whilst others aim to improve the quality of their products. Objective: An objective is what a business wants to achieve but more precise targets than aim. For example an objective for a business can be to sell 1000 more products than we sold last year, sell more products than its competitors, make ? 0,000 more profit than the previous year. Aim vs Objective: The difference between an aim and an objective is that an objective is more precise and measureable than an aim. For example an aim can be to make more profit, whilst an objective can be to make ? 10,000 more profit than the previous year. The best type of objectives is a SMART objective. SMART stands for the following; S – Specific M – Measurable A – Agre ed R – Realistic T – Time constrained An example of a SMART objective is ‘to increase in sales of organic products to ? 1 billion by 2006’. This is a specific objective, it is also measurable and is time constrained it must be achieved by 2006, given customer interest in organic product, it is also realistic, and if this objective has also been agreed with suppliers and store managers, this it is a SMART objective, but if Tesco had merely said it wanted ‘to increase sales of organic product’ then this is not SMART, and it also cannot be measured easily. Why an objective must be measurable? An objective of a business must be measurable in order to see if the business has reached its aim, however if it is necessary a business can change its objective in order to meet its aim. A business can make its objective measurable; instead of saying we will make more profit. A business can make its objective measurable by giving it a time to measure; therefore a measurable objective can be we will make ? 10,000 more profit than the previous year. Aims of Nike: †¢ Nike is aiming to upgrade its profit by more than 50% in the next five years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming on developing low-cost canvas footwear in developing countries in the next 3 years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming to keep their brand as the largest sportswear brand in the world, by preventing Adidas from outshining them. From the Internet. †¢ By the next year Nike is aiming to show in its adverts, and annual reports that it has good intentions with regards to working conditions. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming for 50% Revenue Growth over Next Five Years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming to upgrade its volume more than 50% in the next fives years. From the Internet. Aims of Tesco: †¢ Tesco is aiming to upgrade its profit by more than 50% in the next five years. From the Internet. †¢ Tesco is aiming to understand their customers better than anyone in the next 3 years. From the Internet. Tesco is aiming to make their company the largest supermarket in the next 8 years, by outshining global competitors such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. From the Internet. †¢ Tesco are aiming to provide 150 more organic products than the previous year. From the Internet. †¢ By the next year Tesco is aiming to show in its adverts, and annual reports that it has good intentions with regards to working conditions. From the Internet. Aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike: All types of businesses including Tesco and Nike must be professionally organised in order to achieve the aims and objectives that it has set itself. Businesses including Tesco and Nike must have aims to find out which department that they need to improve in, in order to improve the business as a whole. Businesses including Tesco and Nike must make objectives to find out how they are going to achieve the aims that it has set itself. Why the aims and objectives of Nike and Tesco differ: The aims and objectives of my two chosen organisation which are called Tesco and Nike differ because Tesco is more like a supermarket which sells foods, and also non-food goods and services such as jewellery, books, CDs, and clothes. Whilst Nike is more like a giant sports organisation which doesn’t sell non-food goods, but it sells sports products such as trainers and clothes. The main objective of Nike is to protect and improve Nike’s position as the number one athletic brand in America and around the world; this proves that Nike has the ambition to make their organisation as big as possible, Nike are only interested in expanding their organisation. Comparison of business aims: Moreover Tesco’s main objective is to take over Homebase and Argos in sales of homeware, electrical goods and services, this proves that Tesco doesn’t want to only be known as a food retailer organisation, but they also want to be known as an organisation which also offers their customers competitive prices in homeware, and electrical goods and services. Tesco and Nike have different aims because they’re in different categories of business, moreover they are also in a different sector of business and ownership. Tesco try to fulfil the needs of their customers, they do this by providing their customers with products which are of good quality. Tesco’s main aim to improve the popular products that are amongst their customers that they already have; thereafter they should bring in more products that their customers are in need of. Furthermore, in present time Tesco are trying to progress their company in the electronic, gaming and clothing sector at an affordable cost. So as a result even though its only of a minority Tesco also happen to cover some other sectors such as; clothing, gaming and electronic. Tesco will choose aims that suit them and are reasonable in other words aims that can be achieved. Tesco acknowledge that fact that other branded products will be expensive to buy and will not suit the company as in order to make great profits the prices of the products must be sold expensively, therefore in order to sort out this problem Tesco have made their own brand of high quality of products at a low and reasonable price, hence Tesco has the title of being one of the cheapest supermarkets in Britain. However other supermarkets such as Asda and Sainsbury’s also have their own branded products. Tesco posses a great quality that all businesses crave to posses; and that quality is none other than the fact that Tesco is incredibly organised. I know for a fact that Tesco are organised, because I remember going to Tesco and I witnessed the fact that products that are relevant are in the same section so that it makes easier for the customers to find their desired product and compare the prices with similar products for example they locate baby products in the same section near each other, so that parents looking to buy baby cereal and baby yoghurt will not suffer the exhaustion of travelling to the other end of the supermarket. Tesco also name the sections so that customers don’t get confused. The thing that I also like about Tesco is that they locate baby stuff in sections that are near to each other so once again the customer doesn’t need to walk across to the other side of the supermarket to get a cereal and the other side to get pampers. However other supermarket that I’ve seen with my own eyes such as Asda also do this. I say that Tesco and Asda are the most organised supermarket in Britain ( Judging from my own eyes), Both supermarkets have new/ products with special offers near the entrance; they use this method to make sure that new/ products with special offers is the first thing that the customers sees, hence the customer will not miss the special offer or a new product. Another reason why they do this is because Tesco acknowledges the fact that customers like to see what’s new and that if they can’t find the new roduct/s then they will start to ask the staff, this will make them busy and also stop the staff from concentrating on their work. Nike is a company that sells and manufacture all type of sports wear and products. The advantages that Nike has are that they both manufacture and sell products that their customers have an interest in. In order for Nike to sell more goods and services they (Nike) sponsor sport stars such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Roger Federer and Tiger Woods. You can observe that these sport stars are one of the best and on top in their profession, hence they have a big fan base and these fans like to imitate their idols and wear similar clothing; due to the fact these sports stars posses an enormous fan base is noteworthy because it will mean that the fans will buy the Nike products, that the sports stars are wearing. However this doesn’t come in cheap, as the sports stars get paid an enormous amount for wearing the Nike clothing range. The followings is how much each Sport star get paid by Nike. †¢ Cristiano Ronaldo – Currently gets ? 6 million a year sponsorship. †¢ Roger Federer – Currently gets ? 8. 4607875 million a year sponsorship †¢ Tiger Woods – Currently gets ? 13. 0165962 million a year sponsorship Although these Sports stars get paid generously, I however think that they are worth it ‘because they have helped Nike to generate sales. However Adidas who are Nike’s competition also have endorsement deals for Sport starts most notably David Beckham. However my other business (Tesco) will not be able to sponsor sports stars as their main speciality is by selling food products especially groceries and sport stars are not relevant to what they sell therefore the sport stars won’t be able to generate more profit for Tesco moreover the other reason is that Nike’s financial situation is better than Tesco’s therefore Tesco won’t afford to pay the enormous amount anyways that is needed to pay these huge sports stars with enormous fan base behind them. The aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike is differs because Nike is very different to Tesco as Nike only has few Niketowns shops as they sell their wide range of sports products to shops such as JD and Sports Direct but Tesco sell their own branded products and products that are not Tesco branded therefore Nike and Tesco will have different aims and objectives as both the businesses are ran differently and located in different areas. Moreover it can also be different because all the Niketowns I see are densely populated such as the one in Oxford, moreover Nike products can be bought in batch (shops such as JD and Sports Direct buy in batch, because they will save capital from buying in batch) but this cannot be done in Tesco as Tesco locate themselves in a location near some type of estate which has a lot of people there so that their customers don’t take long journeys and as a result goods and services are sold individually; because of this fact the aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike will differ. Nike have factories to make their products whilst Tesco buy their goods and services from other people whilst they also sell their own branded products some of which are made in the store (such as bread and other groceries) therefore it will be fresh for customers to consume. This is one of the reasons why the aims and objectives of Tesco differ. Moreover Nike and Tesco can also have few similar aims and objectives because the ownership of both Tesco and Nike is public limited company which means that shares are traded on the stock exchanged, however the interesting reason for Tesco and Nike being a public limited company is because of their enormous size. If both Nike and Tesco were owned by a sole trader or by a partnership except being owned by a public limited company then due to their enormous size it would be very difficult to raise enough funds for Tesco and Nike. Similarly, both companies are owned by shareholders. Tesco and Nike are not successful on meeting their aims and objective, because they haven’t released a statement saying that they have been successful on achieving their aims and objectives. |Similarities: |Differences: | |Both Tesco and Nike are aiming to upgrade their profit by more |Tesco is aiming to become the largest supermarket in the world | |than 50% in the next five years whilst Nike is aiming to protect their no. 1 status of being | | |the largest sportswear brand in the world | |By the next year both Tesco and Nike are aiming to show in |Tesco is aiming to understand their customers better than | |their adverts, and annual reports that they have good |anyone in the next 3 years whilst Nike is aiming for 50% | |intentions with regards to working conditions. |Revenue Growth over Next Five Years. | Suggestion of business aims: I would suggest for Tesco to aim to manufacture (Tesco branded) sporting products such as treadmill, rower and cycle for women by the next year as women of this generation have no-time to go to the gym and they want to stay in shape, be fit whilst others want to lose however Tesco should manufacture (Tesco branded) weights and other home gym equipments as most men want to get a toned physique; if Tesco manufacture these (Tesco branded) products in the near future then they will meet the demands of their customers, and because it’s Tesco branded it should be reasonably cheap. Tesco should perhaps imitate Nike and sponsor a famous fitness model for the advertisement of the products I have suggested. I would suggest Nike to aim to introduce interesting and exciting fitness programmes by the next year for people who suffer to lose weight/gain muscle or don’t know how to lose weight/gain or simply need to be motivated to lose weight/gain muscle; this will make Nike wider and more appealing to their customers as they will not only be helping their customers but also beating their competitive businesses such as Adidas and Reebok because both of these Nike’s do not sell fitness programmes to their customers which will give Nike an edge of their competitive businesses. Nike should also then sponsor a world famous fitness model to advertise the product that I have suggested. From my own experience I think that although Nike have a range of great quality products they however don’t have them in competitive prices and this is what some customers complain about (me, and my friends), wearing Nike looks cool but the prices on the clothes is just too much, therefore the product that I suggest Nike to manufacture should be very competitive. The difference between Nike and Tesco is that Tesco have cheap products whilst the products of Nike are very expensive and other customers who are less fortunate will have to dig deep in their pockets to buy the Nike product that they desire. I suggest Nike to make their products cheaper as we are in the recession and some people don’t have jobs so they won’t be able to afford it, plus some have had their salary cut down due to the recession. Another suggestion that I would like to make for both of my companies is that I think that they should both aim to join with their biggest competitor by the next 3 years which will contribute in my companies to expand to such an extent that no business can reach their heights, as the less superstores are around the less options the customers have and the more likely the customers will go to Tesco or Nike. Or if they don’t like the idea of joining with their competitors then I would suggest both of my companies to start using franchises for their business; and thereby aim to have 5,000 new franchises in the next 5 years. This will allow my business to expand and grow faster and more cheaply, than buying all the branches. This will also benefit the franchisees; due to the fact that my companies are very popular, well-known and familiar to people across the globe and it is also promoted and advertised both nationally and internationally thereby the franchisee will not have to bother to advertise which will save him/her cost. The franchisee will also benefit from advices on how to run the business and usually have exclusive and special rights to operate in a certain location which could really help boost __________________________________________________________ Sources/References http://www. mirrorfootball. co. uk/news/Cristiano-Ronaldo-wins-pound-6million-Nike-contract-article26148. html http://tennisinfoblog. com/roger-federer-to-sign-new-lucrative-10-year-contract-with-nike http://www. google. co. uk/search? hl=en&rls=com. microsoft%3Aen-gb%3AIE-SearchBox&q=convert+13+dollars+to+pounds&meta=&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai

Jim the idiot

One of the many things we should thank God most for in this life is His amazing grace. His grace saves us from despair and ruin, it grows within us as we learn more about Him and it sustains as we go through life and Into eternity. While the Lords forgiveness shows in a variety of ways, I believe His saving, growing and sustaining grace are the three most significant demonstrations of His mercy.God willingly chose to give up his life In Heaven so that He could come down on this sinful Earth In unman form before dying a horrible death on the cross to save all those who love Him. Helping not only as a redeeming factor in our lives but in also making us acceptable to Him, God uses His saving grace to wash away our sins. God lets us know that He always has us in His hands, protecting us from harm.Without our Saviors endless compassion and mercy we would have no chance of surviving this life and spending eternity In Heaven with Him would be impossible. As we acquire more knowledge about G od, the more His grace expands in every aspect of our lives. However, in order for His grace to grow and for Him to become a bigger part in our ivies we need to humble ourselves and accept Him as our one and 11 only Lord. If we truly want to see how much mercy He has for us, we have to have a deep interest in acquiring more knowledge about God and His works.When we grow with Christ we'll experience greater Joy In the smaller, simpler things In this life as God will make Himself more apparent in them. Sustaining grace holds as God's answer to the painful circumstances in life that we go through. We need to remember that no matter what God will always love us and that He has infinite amounts of love and mercy for His children. Whatever we are owing through, God will stand 100% behind us and will always get us out safely. Even If we do not see It, His grace dwells with us forever. No temptation has overtaken you that Is not common to man. God is faithful, and He will not let you be tem pted beyond your ability, but with the temptation He will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it. † 1 Corinthians 10:13 ultimately, there are many ways in which God shows us His amazing grace in our lives, and if we pay attention to the work He does around us we will definitely see throughout eternity. God's grace truly amazes me.

Case study of the hydropower development in Argentina Essay

In this paper I would also discuss one more case of the hydropower regulation and assessment. The next country to be discussed is Argentina. This country also possesses considerable hydropower potential. It has been estimated that the country has the potential of production of 169,000 GWh/year . Argentina relies in its future development on hydropower as a source of energy. That’s why its scientists resort to close examination of various aspects of hydropower development and impact on environment and society. Great emphasis is also placed on the financial aspect of hydropower development and legal regulation of hydroelectric plants and dams construction. Therefore, Argentina greatly relies on sustainable development, which can be defined as â€Å"the process which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† . Sustainable development of the hydropower potential of the country requires deep consideration and cooperation of three basic components – economic growth, environmental security and social justice . There are several acts, which serve the legal basis of the hydropower development in Argentina. One of the most important of them is The Electricity Regulatory Framework Law, which implemented the National Electricity Regulatory Commission (ENRE). ENRE is an independent item, which operates within the framework of the Secretariat of State for Energy. The latter in its turn creates the regulations, which control the work of the electricity industry . The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is the legislative component, which is responsible for the energy policy implementation. Within its frame this legislative body has one more component, the National Electricity Regulator (ENRE), which is responsible for actual application of the regulatory framework stated in the Law 26,046 of 1991 . ENRE is responsible for regulation and supervision of whole energy sector under federal control, while the other utilities are regulated by provincial regulators. The other important regulatory body of the energy sector is CAMMESA (Compania Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Electrico), which supervises whole wholesale electricity market through establishing the price of electricity, operating the electricity system and the controlling the commercial transactions in the electricity market Very important role in the energy sector of Argentina is given to the Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE), which was established in 1960 and currently plays the role of the administrator of the Funds, which given to special electricity operations. CFEF also performs consulting function of the National and the Provincial Governments regarding the power industry, new projects and researches, public and private energy services, and electricity tariffs and prices as well as changes in the legislative base of the power industry The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) regulates creation and implementation of programs concerning renewable energies and energy efficiency. The Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is in charge of the questions concerning environmental policy. The legal basis of Argentina concerning the energy is Law 25,019 from 1998 and Law 26,190, from 2007. Changes to this law, made in 2007, focus on the national interest in renewable energy sources in regard with the public services. The law states that within the next ten years the consumption of the energy, produced from the renewable sources, will grow up to 8 %. The other main point is that law establishes a Trust Fund, which promotes the development of the renewable energy. Hydropower is recently viewed in Argentina as a potential key source of energy. On the one hand its advantages are clearly visible: it has less negative impact on the climate change as compared with fossil fuels, it’s relatively clean and environmentally-friendly, low-cost and renewable. However, not all the researchers are so optimistic. Many of them claim that hydropower plants have a negative influence on surrounding area and society. As one more proof they point at additional expenses in case of shortfalls . Sometimes, these disadvantages are even overemphasized, which presents hydropower in the negative light, or even present it as potentially dangerous. In the process of the research I found a very interesting fact, showing that such claims for the most part come from the most unexpected source – NGOs, the primary intention of which is conservation. However, in this process they seem to completely disregard such important aspects of the country development as poverty alleviation, obtaining a valuable source of cheap energy and promotion of the safe water environment, which can be provided by hydropower plants . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the hydropower plants in Argentina is based on the Sustainable Guidelines of the International Hydropower Association, which focus on environmental, social and economic aspects of the hydropower plant construction and operation . In order to develop new hydropower projects in accordance with the newest ecological and social requirements, Argentina greatly relies on five key areas characterized by Dr. Kofi Annan on the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. These five key areas include: water, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity . Conclusions. So, in this paper I investigated the role of the hydropower as an alternative source of environment, associated expenses and benefits to the society. I also made a review of the history of the hydropower as a source of energy and compared it with the other sources. I made an overview of the legislative base of two countries – China and Argentina concerning hydropower energy and their potential of development of the hydropower as an alternative source of energy. References ADB, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2004. Online. Available at: 30 September 2007. Advantages of Hydropower. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Atkins, W. , Hydropower: Impacts and Trends. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Buckley, L. Hydropower in China: Public Participation and Energy Diversity, Online. Available from: . 30 September 2007 Becker, H. A. Social impact assessment: method and experience in Europe, North America and the developing world, London, UCL Press, 1997. BP Annual Report, 2006, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Burdge, R. J. , A Community Guide to Social Impact Assessment, Middleton, USA, Social Ecology Press, 2004. China Passes Renewable Energy Law, Online. Available from: 2005. Coordinacion de Energias Renovables, Potencial de los aprovechamientos energeticos en la Republica Argentina, 2006. Devoto, A. , Hydroelectric power and development in Argentina, ENTE Nacional Regulador de la Electicidad, 2005. Graham, I. , Water Power, Austin, TX, Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999. Hydropower, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Interorganizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social Impact Assessment , 2003. Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines. Tunis: African Development Bank, 2003. Online. Available at: International Association for Impact Assessment, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Kellert, S. R. , Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Environment, vol. 3. New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1997. Learn about Hydroelectric Power Alternative Energy Source, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Petts, J. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, Blackwell, Oxford, 2005. Renewabables Global Status Report. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Rosso, A. La construccion como herramienta del crecimiento continuado. Sector electrico. Evaluacion de las inversiones necesarias para el sector electrico nacional en el mediano plazo. Camara Argentina de la Construccion, 2006. Rules of land compensation and people resettlement in medium and large hydraulic and hydroelectricity projects. State Council, 1991. Ryan, V. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Summer of International dissent against Heavy Industry, Saving Iceland. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007 Sadler, B. , Verocai, I. & Frank Vanclay. Environmental and Social Impact. Assessment for Large Scale Dams. Middleton, WI: The Social Ecology Press, 2000 Taylor CN, Bryan CH, Goodrich CG. Social Assessment: theory, process and techniques. Middleton, WI, The Social Ecology Press, 2004. The Historic Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Jan/Feb. 2007 Tremblay, V. , Roehm and Garneau, Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Fluxes and Processes, Springer, 2005. Xiaogang, Yu & Jia Jiguo. An Overview of Participatory Social Impact Assessment for Manwan Hydropower Station in Lancang River. Asian Science and Technology Institute, 2000.