A Critical Evaluation Of Selected Teaching Materials English Language Essay

A Critical valuation Of Selected T all(prenominal)ing Materials side of meat Language EssayThis assignment is aimed at providing a critical rating of one of the modules (units) in the text take New slash frame in, Pre-intermediate level in a relevant consideration for its possibly crush accustom. This is an home(a) rating of a unit, in McDonough and Shaws (1993) terms, rather than ripe an external military rating establish on the statements of the publishers. It is wellspring kn decl ar that no textual matter stinker be so generic to function in an rarified manner in all specific contexts, solely if chosen with tact, text daybooks can provide a general framework for an optimal use of cartridge holder and resources at the hand of teachers and bookmans. The lack of an objective standard to evaluate textbooks should non bring this significant investigation to a halt because in the hanker run nothing can replace the c argon and discretion in selection of the silk hat uncommitted resource. Experience together with skill in this argona would definitely serve cultivation.Introduction in that respect atomic number 18 disparate views on the use of textbook, from those who put it at the heart of incline voice communication programmes (Sheldon 1988 237) to those who consider their use as problematic (Swales 1980). A reasonable spatial relation is a halfway between a long standing and natural arguments on whether textbook makes all the deviance or makes no difference whatsoever. Despite being far from perfect, textbooks remain the almost suitable factor of providing structure (Hutchinson and Torres 1994) and they currently are regarded as an inevitable resource for wording learning with its capacity and relative effect depending on context and the situations (Cunningsworth 1979, McGrath, 2002).Reasons for evaluation of textbooksA general perception is formed, as Sheldon (1988) pitch noted, that regards argumentbooks as evanescent nic es for pro conciliate rather than treating educational quality. McGrath (2002) relates the utility as a like a shot function of informed judgement of a teacher on the rightness of a particular textbook for a devoted class manner. Selection, rejection, addition and limiting are four processes that teachers can use to adapt coursebooks to their hires (McGrath, 2002 59). Richards (2001 260) contends that because most teachers are not material writers themselves, they should adapt already available textbooks to fit students needs and seek ever opportunity to be creative and tack on the textbook exercises or activities whenever necessary. a teacher will find the need to modify, or expand some parts while omitting otherwise parts, or reorganising the content in textbook as get, a fact which is in addition very true for clip Edge.It should also be noted that book may be perfectly suitable for one situation scarcely short of most parameters of a fair selection in some other si tuation. Thus, its evaluation in isolation is impossible. Thats why Richards (2001 256-257) explains that cultureing the role of textbook, teachers and learners in the curriculum takes precedence over textbook evaluation.Methods for evaluationThere are various methods and several perspectives for implementing evaluation. One perspective to textbook evaluation is what Hutchinson and amnionic fluid (1987) present simply as an analytical matching process to available solutions, but a generally agreed upon criteria for evaluation can be summarised as the commission on design, linguistic content, topic, and logistics (McGrath, 2002). Evaluation an also be done internally or externally. The fundamental methods to evaluate a textbook are listed by McGrath (2002) as the impressionistic, the checklist, and the in-depth methods.Evaluation using impressionstic methodCunningsworth (1995) holds that impressions are useful as a general introduction and a loyal overview which helps choosing the coursebook. The coursebooks title New great Edge may not be very revealing but it is exciting combined with its cover images. The sizing is convenient and the representations look multi heathenish. Following Cunningsworths checklist (1995), the topic of the module, primary(prenominal) prime(prenominal)s, is a pick up point to consider whether the as it suggests variety and raises real interest, and enables learners to expand their cultural awareness. It provides great potential for student interaction. Tomlinson (2003) argues that graphic details such(prenominal) as opening pictures deliver a great impact on learners. In module 2, the photo of women in very chic dresses is not promptly connecting to the topic or the other one near that, too. Images with more doubtfulness could disclose the energy of the topic. The photos in the first two pages are not the units strongest point since they are culturally loaded or at best unfamiliar to alien diction learner but photos in pa ge 3 and onward are very engaging, funny and expressive. Another good point is the balanced focus on form and meaning which go side by side, and column by column.Following is an adapted evaluation checklist (drawn from McGrath 2002). It provides a brief overview of appearance and physical details based on an impressionistic method.Practical considerationsaffordableYesweight (for transportation purposes)YesSupport for breeding and learningTeachers book available?YesCassettes/CD-Rom available?YesSuitable for self-study?Yes consideration RelevanceSuitable for length of course?NoSuitable for aims of course?YesSuitable for learners level?Suitable for learners cultural background?Suitable for teachers? take resources available?Likely appeal to learnersLayoutVisualsTopicsYesYes (partially)YesYesYesYesYes (partially)The impressions may be more absolute for experienced teachers but they are often very subjective and simplistic. The in-depth methods, on the other hand, deserve such a space which is beyond the confine of this paper. The practicality of checklist method is highlighted in Cunningsworth (1995 2). Therefore, several methods and perspectives including checklist methods worth consideration in this paper. To evaluate the book part I selected which is followed by an evaluation from external and internal perspectives as well as a micro analysis.Evaluation by dint of ChecklistsCunningsworth (1995) create a checklist which is widely used for evaluation of textbooks. This is one the first checklists that gives a broad analysis (Tomlinson 2003). It should be noted that any checklist has its own advantages and disadvantages and they should be adapted to meet the needs of a specific context (McGrath, 2002 27). Cunningsworths checklist (1995) is powerful in addressing talking to content, skills, topics as well as methods but ignores the role of culture and institution.McGrath (2002) pinpoints the principles underlying the design of materials.Checklist is adaptabl e such as the questionnaire Rahman and Sinha (2010) used. It is given to twain teacher and students after background reading, to elicit their estimation of the textbook via several items assessing its layout and physical make up, subject matter, mental lexicon and structure, exercises and activities. The questionnaire given to teachers has an extra section on their evaluation of aims and goals and has more items on each of the above mentioned sections.Almost any quality that teachers and speech communication instruct methodology would deem essential for textbooks can be evaluated through a checklist. For instance, learner-centeredness is a quality that can be fostered in a textbook in a form of gradual independence from teacher and developing students self confidence in using English (Cunningsworth, 1995). Jun, Hua and Huiru used an evaluation questionnaire to this effect from which applying a gist would be useful. Firstly, communication skills are developed fairly well throug h the New Cutting Edge since we have two speaking task about important firsts through both an open-ended personal and a picture- support controlled activity. A scaffold for doing this task is in the 3rd page where a sentence completion task necessary pair work and comparison activity about personal information an originally in the module. Most other tasks are fill-in-gap grammar, vocabulary and write exercises as well as pronunciation practice. Pair work encourages reconciling learning and pronunciation practice leads to an awareness of linguistic skills. The topic important first can relate very well to students lives, views and feelings and offers options to cater for learner differences. Answer key on page 158 is a helpful propagation material, but there is little sign of indexing and internet technology that enhance independent language learning.External EvaluationThe publishes claims that New Cutting Edge follows a Communicative Language Approach to teaching English which stand outs learners all-inclusive development in their language by incorporating all language skills. Students are promised to see improvement in their functional English and their king to communicate on a daily basis. It is also said that the limit hold the interest and respond to the needs of students at this level. Topics are wide-ranging, attractive and up-to-date and designs and images are so vivid that makes this book superior to other coursebooks. The activities in each unit are described as so engaging that can lead students to a comfortable use of English outside classroom in real life situations and that exercises both focus on essential grammatical points and help learners to communicate spontaneously enriched by an authentic sample of reading, listening, writing, speaking, listening and pronunciation activities.Units ofNew Cutting Edgecorrespond to the Common European Framework which allows students and teachers to simply check the learning outcomes against a genera lly recognised standard.The coursebook also boasts of a very distinctly and cumulative structure in consecutive modules that gradually build on each other to improve grammatical points, key vocabulary, and various skills as well as revision and practice opportunities. The supplementary materials for New Cutting Edge are in sufficient, supply which is deemed as suitable because of its synergetic natureand its various features which contains class/ student audio cassettes and CDs, a workbook with key, as well as teachers books, tests, videos, mini dictionary and links to other consort websites. (www.longman.com/cuttingedge)Internal evaluationThe New Cutting Edge series have the characteristics of modern textbooks Haines (1996) lists such as being multi-componential (grammar, vocabulary, reading, speaking, writing and a study tip in one module), commercialised, and culturally sensitive as well as having a rich design which consist of lively pictures, optical aids and diagrams, inden tations, word clouds, bullets and numbering. The first page begins with a catchy publicize and itemised summary besides pictures at the top. Even in grammar section childly pictures and design are intended to help learning while in vocabulary section, more expressive images are used (human faces for words of feeling). The visually attractive cover of this book is a plus like promontory series because as McGrath (2002) claims, the cover, title or sizes of a book are important factors in motivating learners.Evaluation of textbook with micro-analysis of the chosen module (unit)New Cutting Edge, Pre-intermediate by Cunnigham and Moor taps several language skills and subskills. It is a textbook intended for teaching English as a Foreign Language. The New in title suggest maturation from an earlier version besides having a tricky commercial effect. The authors claim that it just got sharper and fresher and easier to use (New Cutting Edge, Pre-intermediate Students Book, back cover). Th e book is undisturbed of fifteen modules, each containing eight pages, with additional resources such as tapescripts, mini-dictionary and desegregation material. Auxiliary matter consists of a teachers resource book, workbook with and without key editions, CDs and audio cassettes for students use and a separate cassette for classroom use as well as an accompanying website, tests and videos.The book under review is in general support of an integrated skills approach and this second unit has a particular speech pattern on pronunciation. Texts for reading are kept short. constitution is practiced at the end of module after speaking tasks. This means productive skills are run in order of presentation. The colourful layout and reasonable placing of items makes it look last word but the photographs are not of highest quality but the illustrations are and cartoons are lively. Closer scrutiny follows in a tabulated form.Topic Important Firsts. voltage to enhance speculation, but may be too short.Language sharpen Past Simple and Time PhrasesA good continue to a filter in previous module (unit). Timely to introduce time phrases (matching with topic)Vocabulary and WordspotThematic presentation of new vocabulary with visuals is very engaging. Diagrams in wordspot can consolidate that but it may be difficult for learners at this level.SpeakingThe first task with questions which makes learners to talk about generally activates the outgo and breaks the ice for other students who seem to be clueless. The second task is aided with pictures and scaffolds the shy to talk about other people.PronunciationThere are three areas in this unit to deal with pronunciation of past tense regular and stress, a bit above the right size, comparatively.ListeningThere are 11 parts for which there is need to listening and tape, which is relatively high. They address not only the listening part itself but also pronunciation and stress practice as well as checking answers to vocabulary a nd grammatical exercises.ReadingReading parts are short which may be good at this stage of course if it helps fast pace. whitethorn be a supplementary reading is required for faster students.WritingThe writing practice comes at the end and reading writing integrated activity.ReviewIn the practice section, grammar and vocabulary exercises dominate and there is no pronunciation exercise despite the weight it has throughout the unit.i Sequencing ii Methodologyi Sequencing of skills is generally good with some skills practice between. An exclusion should perhaps be made for writing it should not be the last or the least or seem so. Because of its learning potential for foreign language learners that often go unrealised.ii it follows a task based syllabus and a mixture of communicative approach to language teaching with form-focused instruction as it brings language focus into attention.ConclusionThis evaluation once again confirm the point that a quest to find a perfect coursebook ma ybe unrealistic, but there will be a best book for any situation (Grant 1987). The organization of the material in this units as a sample of the book in question, suggests ways that language can be integrated in the diverse aspects of life.However, students with more earnestness can be given an opportunity to produce more output. My testimony is to supplement the material with more tasks requiring productive language use such as writing and speaking and that there be more room for discussion and illustrations or examples. They can be set as homework, or if time allows, at the end of session. In all, I found this book very inspiring and highly recommend it for use in an appropriate level and context.

Vendor managed inventory in fmcg sector supply chain

trafficker managed scrutinize in fmcg sector affix compassV obliterateor Managed scrutinize (VMI) is a planning and management governing body in which vender is fully responsible for the switch of scrutinise based on timely gratuity of sale development to the purchasers ( retail merchant) place. This concept serve ups increases the guest responsiveness by bring down the come out and consume gap thus giving the satisfaction to end node by increasing availability of the desired product when client wants it.Supply arrange partners must piece of land their vision of demand, requirement and reserve to set the common objectives (Guillaume et al 2008). Quality of emptor provider boldness and tellingship, type of ICT system and intensity of discipline sharing has positive restore on VMI carrying out (Marloes et al 2008). Information technology combined with VMI offers a clear view of gunstock guardianship location giving provider better nurture for repleni shment planning (Malla et al 2007). Before mental process of VMI, analysis of the direct of uncertainty of customer demand is needed as richly uncertainty in demand negatively influences the action come with done VMI (Kazim Sari 2007). Upstream selective information transportationred to providers i.e. current muniment level and straight sales consider is the most important factor for the lucky execution of VMI (Astrid Vigtil, 2007). Benefits of VMI implementation depend on contextual factors surrounding the implementation and dyadic intentions (Jongkyung et al 2009). Implementing VMI is non solo crusade it brush off be beneficial if political party wide effort is involved (George kuk, 2004). VMI supply mountain range has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on greet and transportation demand (S.M. Disney et al 2003). VMI gives benefits to retailer as manufacturer downslope more to reduce chance of stock out which in ecstasy redu ces retailer holding and paucity bell and increases its profit (Brendra k et al 2004).Implementation of VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan is a major challenge for the FMCG companies and the retailers both. Maintaining of amply quality error-free military service in the dynamic and uncertain environment of Pakistan with overlook of ICT infrastructure (information and communication technology) is a huge pressure. Due to heterogeneous customer base complete VMI implementation in this scenario is not possible so FMCG companies need to carry out its summons in both the itinerary i.e. for the both VMI and non VMI customers. For flexible and fast communication mingled with FMCG producers and retail gyves proper ICT infrastructure is mandatory. So companies need to invest web-based information transfer systems like EDI (electronic data interchange). Adoption of VMI is not an easy task for companies as it requires heavy investment and commitment of retailers that how much they atomic number 18 willing to sh be POS information. Before full and final implementation of VMI companies must need to break out the right retailers to be served and the factors that atomic number 18 acting as a barrier from retailers side as the clear and fault free implementation will have a great influence on emerging business performance outcomes.Objective of this opus is to queue out the suppliers/manufacturer perceived objectives, drivers, obstacles, performance outcomes for implementing VMI in FMCG sector of Pakistan.Organizational objectives = Lead-time reduction, improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvement in customer service improvement in profit margin, improvement in rate of return, increase sales, look into of bullwhip yield, strategical drivers = Competition, shorter product life cycle, global supply strand, incarnate restructuring.Obstacles = In stiff organizational structure, lack of suitable it infrastructure, improper decision-support tool, lack of trust an d mutual apprehensiveness amid supply strand partners, internal/external integration,Performance outcomes = potent mathematical product planning, effective forecasting, effective replenishment, effective archive control and management, effective logisticals and statistical distribution managementThis paper is taked in sections. Section 1 offers the introduction section 2 presents the literature refresh on search practices on VMI section 3 is comprised of methodology section 4 lie down of data analysis and section 5 draws the conclusion regarding the findings.LITERATURE flockvasJan Holmstrom (1998) studied a single case take in to decompose the benefits of implementation of SAP R/3 in VMI among vendor and its wholesaler. It is run aground that administrative somebodyify for vendor product is reduced with reduced bringing cost which in turn gives benefit to end customer by dint of low prices. It is also effectuate that demand variability, instrument level and do per delivery lead time also greatly reduces which give competitive advantage to both vendor and whole seller. It is suggested that full benefit fecal matter be attained if vendor extends its number of customers.Sila cetinkaya et al (2000) studied the inventory replenishment and shipment decision in VMI through analytical imitate. manufacturing business with random demand patterns and retailers dispersed in antithetical geographical areas are taken into account. Manufacturer has the freedom of holding tenuous sized tacks and dispatches it until the integration volume gathers. It is demonstrate that inventory costs are reduced if the inventory and shipments decision optimally coordinated.Susan cohen kulp (2002) studied the impact of internal information (sales and inventory) accuracy and its reliability on supply chain profits in vendor managed inventory. Theoretical models of two system traditional and VMI are analyzed which indicates that the accurate information helps manuf acturer to forecast the consumer demand accurately which increases manufacturer and retailer over all profits. Hypothesis was well-tried through take after of 53 divisions of manufacturers in the FCPG industry. Result shows that use of VMI increases with the detail and reliability of retailers internal information and wholesale prices are lowered with the extent of VMI use. It is suggested that VMI will lead to elevateder(prenominal) supply chain profits if retailer and manufacturer both are willing to share accurate information and use this information in taking inventory management decisions.Terrance et al (2003) identified the distinction between supplier managed inventory (SMI) vendor managed inventory (VMI) through theoretical frame pass. sparing value analysis (EVA) is use to de boundaryine the non financial benefits and burdens of VMI and SMI implementation and effect of VMI and SMI on sweetening of share holder value.it is suggested that EVA analysis will help manager t o identify the opportunities to increase the share holder value crossways both firmsS.M. Disney et al (2003) studied the effect of VMI strategies on transport operation and order batching activities. Three diametric scenarios traditional, internal consolidation and VMI are copy through system dynamics methodology and tested through simulation. It was establish that VMI supply chain has improved dynamic response which causes reduction in manufacturing on cost and transportation demand. Transportation cost saving in VMI is possible for long term and short term and this saving is not effected by escapable and inescapable cost. This paper may help in developing the policy regarding VMI and supply chain (distribution, production scheduling etc.).S.M. Disney et al (2003) investigated the comparison between VMI and traditional seriously linked supply chain in producing bullwhip effect. Different equations are developed and simulation model test was applied. Four variables as a source of bullwhip price variations, rationing and gaming, demand signal processing, and order batching, were tested in traditional and VMI supply chain scenarios. It was base that through VMI supply chain all the variables can be avoided through well inclinationed system. Demand signal processing and order batching can only be eliminated through inventory holding in traditional supply chain. For rising it is suggested that VMI would be of greater benefit if the supplier uses inventory and sales information in making production and inventory management decision process.George kuk (2004) investigated the determinants and outcomes of VMI in electronic industry through survey of 94 employees of 25 companies who fully implemented VMI. Four hypotheses were created having 3 item-by-item variables organization size, number of employees involved in VMI and type of logistic integration, 3 dependent variables information quality enhancement, service quality improvement and cost reduction. throu gh ANOVA testing it is analyzed that voluminous level of employee involvement, picayune size of organization and combine logistics achieves more benefits of VMI. It is suggested that implementing VMI is not solo effort it can be beneficial if comp any(prenominal) wide effort is involved.Brendra k et al (2004) investigated how the substitution deformity competition gives benefit to retailer in VMI. Two level supply chain is taking having one retailer and 2 manufacturer of competing substitutable brand and through analysis of numerical model it is found that VMI gives benefits to retailer as compare to non VMI as callable to increase competition manufacturer stock more to reduce risk of stock out which in turn reduces retailer holding and shortage cost and increases its profit. For future investigate it is suggested to include inter retailer intra brand substitution competition.Pamela danese (2006) identified the way to use lengthened vendor managed inventory (VMI) both upstream and downstream amongst various supply chain partners to organize the information and material flows. Case study analysis lift is used taking supply chain network of leading pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Through collected data it is shown that Information flows among the supply network members, information systems and performance monitoring system are some of the requisite of extended VMI. In GSK Information flow is achieved by EDI system which enhanced the service level, production capacity, and the inventory management. Central information system helps in production planning and order cycle processes in up stream and downstream supply network. Performance monitoring system motivates and improves the performance and allows supply chain members to over come their reluctances to share information. It is suggested that collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) should be taken into consider future research on extended VMI.Yuliang Yao et al (2007) exp lored how supply chain parameters affect the cost saving in VMI and sharing of this benefit between buyer and supplier. Two level supply chain having single supplier and single buyer modeled. Through analysis of model it is found that inventory cost reduction greatly depend on ratio of order cost of supplier to buyer and ratio of carrying cost of supplier to buyer. Buyer takes all the benefits of inventory reduction whereas supplier inventory level may increased which may lead to high logistic cost to supplier side. So its suggested to have side payment army between buyer and supplier to get VMI worked in long run.Malla et al (2007) investigated the impact of VMI model on organizations inventory associated cost. Case study of mart leader of tyre manufacturer has taken which has which has largest distribution network crossways India, USA and UK. Through simulation of model it is found that integration of information technology provide a clear picture of inventory holding locations which helps supplier in planning and replenishment of inventory across supply chain, which reduces bullwhip effect, safety stock and W.I.P and improves customer service. Some of the limitationations of this model are high initial investment cost and lack of integration of systems.Astrid Vigtil (2007) investigated the required information exchange in VMI with the support of five buyer-supplier pair in Norse geographic. Semi-structured detailed interviews were conducted with the representative of opposite companies having logistic managerial position or similar. It was cogitate through interviews that flow of upstream data is more sarcastic rather than downs-stream data. Visibility of current inventory status and sales forecast are most important factor for suppliers and there is different signifier of information needed depends upon operational mode of buyer in brand to stock and make to order. In future it is implicated that for the higher susceptibility of VMI electronic i ntegration and automatic data transfer should be priorities as it supports supplier in planning of replenishment.Kazim Sari (2007) examined the benefits of VMI in achieving the increased performance through different levels of removed supply capacity, demand uncertainty, and lead time. information were collected through simulation model Crystal Ball, an MS jump out add-in. After retrieving data statistical test MANOVA is applied and it was concluded that high uncertainty in customers demand has negative influence on the VMI performance. there is also a direct relationship between the manufacturing capacity of outside supplier and performance of VMI. As long as the ratio between retailer and supplier lead times remains constant the performance level of VMI remain unchanged. For future implication it is recommended that in the beginning taking any decision relating VMI implementation it is necessary to conduct cost-benefit analysis if upstream information sharing is poor or custom er demand is highly uncertain.Mikael Stahl Elvander et al (2007) proposed the structure for the numerous setups that could be arranged while establishing a VMI system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from 15 company of Switzerland. Six framework were prepared and tested against the focus assort consisted of representative of nine different companies including suppliers and customers who already had implemented VMI, in workshop. Through workshop it was deduce that there are a number of different ways in which VMI system can be configured, that will limit a suppliers likelihood to employ the information made accessible through VMI. It is suggested that the challenges related to operation and management may differ in different VMI system human body. This should be taken into consideration in order to find best optimal VMI system configuration.Atul B. Borade Satish V. Bansod (2008) studied motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits of VMI practices in e-environment. Key varia bles were compared between small and large Indian industry questionnaires were fill up by 112 large companies and 86 small companies and hypothesis was tested through self-reliant model t-test. It was resulted that motives, drivers, obstacles and benefits are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was found that the major objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Driver for SMEs is competition and for large companies it is global supply chain. Obstacle in implementing VMI for SMEs is lack of IT infrastructure and for large companies is lack of trust between supply chain partners. Objective for SMEs is profit improvement and for large companies is improved customer service. Benefits gain for SMEs is better forecasting and for large companies is improved logistic and distribution management. It is suggested that IT can gives companies advantages to maximize end consumer value and reduce oper ating write down as it gives the real time information of marketing conditions.Guillaume Marques et al (2008) examined the integrated view of the VMI. Outside the short term pull system inventory replenishment, partners have to share their demand forecast, requirements and their limitations to fix middle/long term common objectives. In order to conduct the study 28 articles were review and it was concluded that there was no doubt about the real drill of VMI in industry. What clearly is VMI and how can it be correctly implement in supply chain is not clear. It cannot be justify whether VMI is a model, a process, a strategy, a relationship, a link.Juhwen Hwang, Su-Hwa Wu and Yu-Yen Huang (2008) studied the supplier performance enhancement in term of total relevant cost/unit. Three different models were proposed for single supplier with heterogeneous retailers, one is uncooperative model with independent inventory management system, second model was VMI model in which supplier is re sponsible for inventory replenishment order cost and certain decimal point of holding cost and third model was VMI/CRE model, in which VMI is combined with CRE (common replenishment epochs) strategy. Data was analyzed through Algorithm and numerical experimental design and it was concluded that VMI and VMI/CRE results are significant for supplier performance as compared with uncooperative model. For the future implication it is suggested that the supplier are required to provide incentives such(prenominal) as price discounts to compensate the losses which are bear by retailers so that aligning ordering schedules with CRE.Marloes J. T. Claassen et al (2008) studied the perspective of buyer in term of benefit gained through VMI. Research model was hypothecate having four key variables quality of ICT system, quality of information, intensity of information sharing and relationship quality. Sample of 64 Dutch buyer responded through e-mail and model was tested through Partial Least Sq uare (PLS) technique. It was resulted that the quality of the buyer-supplier relation, quality of IT-system and intensity of service level has an impact on buyer-perceived VMI benefits and it is not impacted by actual quality of the information shared. Furthermore trine outcomes of VMI performance are higher customer service level, efficient control over supply chain and cost reduction to some extent. It is proposed that the direct benefit of VMI implementation is not cost reduction it is high customer service level and supply chain control which can be obtained through better relationship with supplier and efficient IT infrastructure.Jouni Kauremaa et al (2009) found out the types of benefits of VMI program and its sharing at the five levels (supplier vs. buyer). An exploratory treble case study research methodology was used. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interview from five operational levels. It is concluded that for buyer and supplie r, VMI can lead to strategic and operational benefit both which is depending on pair intentions and contextual factors surrounding the given application. It is suggested that with the help of contextual factors VMI system can be designed with more accurate and perfect implementation targets.Kari Tanskanen et al (2009) investigated the challenges faced by the construction industry at corporate level to manage logistics and to evaluate VMI as a solution of logistics for small items. Three residential house construction companies were elected located in Helsinki, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through web cameras ceremonials and interviews. share analysis was applied on quantitative data and on the bases of outcomes it was concluded that VMI is a suitable solution for small item logistics for the construction companies. For future it is implicated to work on other industries located in different geographical location.Jongkyung Park et al (2009) investigated a framew ork for integrative SRM (supplier relation ship management) system by exploring broad approaches to overall SRM functions. Frame work includes five stages Setting up of purchasing strategies, Selection of a supplier, Cooperation, supplier valuation and enhancement and endowment of continuous improvement. For this past studies related to SRM were examined and a framework for an integrative SRM system was recommended through which a case study was performed constructed on the systematic hierarchy procedure with a field survey. Results shows that the benefits of SRM can be obtained through the suggested framework and it is applicable to real fields through application case. It is recommended that this framework will help purchasing manager to analyze strategic features of SRM before and during the SRM system operation.Francesco Zammori et al (2009) identified the standard configuration of a vendor managed inventory (VMI) contract which will be a building block for the initial explanati on of the agreement. For this study an Italian whole kit and caboodle was selected as an ideal candidate because of complexity of its manufacturing process and the data in the form of the information flow and the technical specifics which are critical before any operational setup are recognized and discussed and formed as parameters for the explanation of the elementary frame of the agreement. It is revealed that VMI agreement should be organized into segments by having generic and legal sides and official aspects included in the annexes. This will increases the flexibility of agreement As VMI relationship progresses with the time.it is proposed that this flexible structure of VMI agreement can be easily implemented by several industrial fields.Atul et al (2010) studied the difference in the practices of VMI in small and large Indian industry. Key variables were objective, drivers, obstacles and impact of VMI in large and small Indian industries, questionnaires were filled by 98 l arge companies and 63 small companies and hypothesis was tested through independent sample t-test. It was resulted that objectives, strategic drivers, obstacles and affected operational areas are considerably different for small and large enterprises while adopting VMI. It was also found that the major objectives for adopting VMI are customer service and profit improvement. For future it is recommended that the research should be perform on more variables and for other geographical (culture) areas.methodological analysisData were collected through primary source and research approach to be of qualitative in nature as the aim of this paper is to explore the supplier perception and opinion about implementation of VMI in FMCG companies operating in Pakistan. Exploratory semi structured interviews had been conducted with the key person of FMCG companies working in Pakistan. Then through the inductive reasoning observation will be analyzed and the theory is be generated.

Threat Of New Market Entrants Management Essay

Threat Of New Market Entrants steering EssayFor this assignment, we hasten chosen Rehm Grinaker manifestation Comp all Ltd and have determine its strategic trade strategies. The formula industry plays a major melodic line office in transforming the wants and postulate of people into reality they ar realised d star reflexion projects which includes infrastructure such(prenominal) as roads, schools, ho wasting diseases, hospitals, airports, factories and dams. At present, the verbalism industry in Mauritius is booming many tress projects are being assumeed. Rehm Grinaker is considered as one of the leading friendly system association in Mauritius.Companys ProfileREHM-Grinaker Co. Ltd is a renowned face community in Mauritius and it was founded in 1991. Over the years, REHM-Grinaker has s rise up(p)ed from modest beginnings into being a well-recognized, leading multi-disciplinary whirl company reputed throughout Mauritius for delivering gauge crap on time.RE HM-Grinaker has a permanent unravelforce of e precisewhere one thousand cinque hundred well qualified Mauritanian staff.In its 20 years of operation REHM-Grinaker has played a intent in all sectors of the thriving Mauritian economy through the complex body part of commercial and office makes, hotels and lei genuine facilities, stadia, luxury villas, industrial buildings, roads and bridges, healthcare facilities, the renovation of historical buildings, the look of golf courses, marine works, water and sewerage treatment plants, author plants, pipelines, and all types of major infrastructure and building works.REHM-Grinaker is a majority Mauritian shareholder company, with the added value of being able to attack the expertise and resources of shareholder Aveng Grinaker-LTA, one of the largest Construction companies in Africa.Research methodological summaryThe Construction industry has been facing a lot of issues, authorityicularly when it comes to the marketing of their products because of the little signifi female genitaliace given over to the trade philosophy. Hence, the research methodology has helped to compile the required data for the research in order to improve say how REHM-Grinaker intentional its marketing strategies to split up sell its products.In an attempt to hit the books the strategic Marketing Management of REHM-Grinaker, an appointment was made with Mr P. Moothien Pillay, HR coach at REHM-Grinaker in Arsenal on Monday 27th September 2012 at 10.00 a.m at the headquarters itself. both members of the group attended the in-depth interview. The latter cover various areas of the Strategic Marketing Management suffice, namelyBusiness Definition, Mission, resourcefulness and Goals of REHM-GrinakerMarketing Audit Internal and External AuditsMarketing ObjectivesMarketing StrategiesMarketing tactics/mix decisionsMarketing Ethics and affable ResponsibilityStrategic PlanningEvaluation and Control processesA short questionnaire ( see Appendix 1) was designed as a guide in order to establish a flow in the way the questions were asked to the interviewee. The interview lasted for one hour and cardinal minutes and was recorded. From this interview, a proper analysis of REHM Grinakers marketing strategies was possible.Analysis of FindingsThe analysis and findings part will enable describe the schooling gleaned at REHM-Grinaker during the interview. All relevant data pertaining to the marketing strategies of this company will be study thoroughly and commented on.Business Definition, Mission, Vision and Goals of REHM-GrinakerBusiness DefinitionRehm Grinaker is a well know company in Mauritius providing tress gos to firms and the government. It is among the leading companies in Mauritius since it has gained the reputation for delivering quality work on time.Therefore, Rehm Grinaker particularly deals with big companies who bath have the means to pay for the premium helpings it offers and hence the projects on which the company has worked are important ones and it uses the latest technology available to avail twirl. For example, building the biggest shopping mall in Mauritius, that is, Bagatelle, on the plangency itinerary Phase 1 and the overlaying of the runway at the SSR International Airport.MissionRehm Grinaker has five centre of attention value and for the company abiding by these is storehouseamental. The five mettle values are listed belowSafetyAccountabilityIntegrity knob satisfactionEmployee fulfilmentHence, by implementing these values the company has been able to have a clear insight to develop its mission efficiently. Rehm Grinaker chargees immensely on providing quality service on time to its leaf nodeele to gain client satisfaction. However, achieving client satisfaction for Rehm Grinaker in like manner means that this is done in duty and integrity whereby its employees are safe and they are satisfied with their work. Thus, employees of Rehm Grinaker know these values and its importance and abide by them.VisionBuild a better future.Rehm Grinaker has the above as its vision and this means the company wants the countrys advancement and by providing premium construction services it is contributing towards achieving its vision.Converting Env pressmental Opportunities into Organizational OpportunitiesThis refers to fulfilling the unmet or changing client needs satisfy the unsatisfied bribeer groups or using new means or technology for delivering value to prospective buyers.At Rehm Grinaker, the service that they provide to their customers is always up to date since they focus on delivering quality service. For instance, the company tries to minimum damage as to a greater extent as it stinker pertaining to the surroundings and excessively tries to use eco friendly materials. Hence, its occupation are satisfied and the case whereby there are unsatisfied customers is quite rare. Nevertheless, if it happens then the company tries to find ou t the reasons which has ca utilise dissatisfaction and takes the needful actions to remedy the line.As well, Rehm Grinaker uses the latest technology regarding its machines and equipments to facilitate the tasks of its employees and to a fault to deliver premium construction services. Hence, the company invests in technology so that it is able to use the nearly efficient means in construction. Additionally, Rehm Grinaker is known to deliver quality service on time this means the company respects the deadline given to collar its work and the latest technologies as well as the qualified promote force helps to achieve this goal.Marketing AuditSwot analysis of Rehm GrinakerStrengthsThe Rehm Grinaker has prepare and motivated staff to serve its customers. This can benefit the transcription in harm of greater productivity and serving customers better. It helps to improve the organisations image when transaction with customers.Rehm Grinaker offers specialized construction schemes t o its customers. Therefore customers are now faced with greater choice and may customize what they want to build. in this context Rehm Grinaker is much customer focused.The organization operated in an environsal friendly way.The quality of service is provided at its highest. Since the organisations main motto is Quality on time, the organization makes sure that any project is being delivered on time with the highest quality.WeaknessesThe cost of take is increasing every day. The cost of materials such as cement and iron bars are examples amongst differents.It is difficult for the company to keep in get through with technological advances due to high cost of investment.OpportunitiesRehm Grinaker can take advantage of government projects such as the building of new road networks and former(a) projects.Expatriated labour is available at cheaper rates from countries like China and India. This can bring a decrease in the labour cost resulting in lower costs of production.Financial support is provided by banks. This can be used to improve the companys financial position.ThreatsThere is existence of other competing firms in the construction industry such as da Gamma Civic, Padco, and General Construction amongst others.Internal Audit of Rehm GrinakerThis includes the objectives of Rehm Grinaker that is, it has evolved to become one of the leaders in the multidisciplinary building and civil engineering construction services.Structure of Rehm Grinaker The counseling team comprises of the following(a)Managing DirectorExecutive DirectorFinancial DirectorConstruction omnibusCommercial ManagerRehm Grinaker has achieved many conquestes for instance it is known to have strengthened Bagatelle Mall, and Caudan Phase II. It is presently involved in the construction of Ring Road Phase I, overlaying of the runway at SSR International Airport among other projects.Moreover, it also provides a quality service to its clients on time and it is also considered to be a profi table and well known construction company since it originates from one of the largest construction companies in South Africa.External Audit of Rehm GrinakerThe outer examine comprises of the followingMicro environment-Consists of employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, intermediaries who are involved with production and sales.Employees-Rehm Grinaker Construction Ltd provides its employees the necessary tools and equipment for them to carry out their tasks effectively and efficiently. For instance, the workers wear reflective vest, labored hat, gloves, pencil eraser glasses and security shoes. Safety and security facilities are provided to the workers and in order to motivate them to work in difficult conditions incentives are also given to them.Customers-Rehm Grinaker delivers its projects on times to satisfy its customers and to maintain a good Customer kinship Management. It also makes follow ups with its clients due to the rising customer expectations and increased com petiveness has become a key feature of the construction industry.Suppliers-Rehm Grinaker buys construction components from Gamma Civic Ltd and Betonix Ltd. The company focuses on quality and prompt legal transfer in order to meet customer expectations that is raw materials need to be provided on time and it also believes in maintaining good Supplier Relationship Management.Competitors-The competitors in the construction industry are differentiated in terms of brand name, quality, and expense and among others. They influence the factors when making tenders and bids to obtain a construction contract.Intermediaries- Rehm Grinaker engages only in offering construction services to clients. Hence, when Rehm Grinaker needs to buy construction materials for its construction projects it negotiates directly with Gamma Civic Ltd.External auditPorters Five Forces ModelThe importance of designing agonistic system is to tinge REHM-Grinaker to its environment in which it is operating. The str ategic marketing conductor seeking to develop an touch over rival firms can use the Porters model to better understand the industry context in which the construction firms operate in Mauritius. Michael Porter provided a framework that models an industry as being influenced by five forcesThreat of new market entrantsThe prohibitions to entry into the up-to-date Mauritian construction markets is non high, because there are common technology used, portal to distribution channels and low scale investment. The only possible barrier is the goodwill that the current companies have established. Hence, the corporate image in the construction market is one warring advantage. With the development of the current economical globalisation, more and more foreign companies are entering the Mauritian construction market. Furthermore, Mauritius forms part in the World Trade Organisations, SADC, and COMESA. These multinational organisations, either developed countries (e.g LAXCON Construction f rom Kenya) or from industrialized countries such as Colas Ltd is from France these companies have an upper put across in terms of technology, management skills or capital as well as costs. This will bring a serious threat to the current companies, including REHM Grinaker.Threat of substitute productsIn the construction industry, the threat of the substitute can be assumed not existent, because of the non-substitutional nature of products or services provided by the industry, for instance there will be the absolute use of cement, shudder sand, hollow concrete blocks, aggregates, iron bars and other such materials during the construction of any building, and so the question of having close-substitutes does not arise as such. talk terms Power of BuyersIn the construction industry, customers choose the affirmer through a tender system. For instance, they will prefer the contractor offering the lowest price for its service and as REHM Grinaker wants to position its service as a qualit y service rather than relying on a penetration pricing scheme to win a bid. It somehow wants to differentiate itself from competitors like IREKO which offers a paltry service at a much lower cost. Therefore, to REHM Grinaker, customers satisfaction is very important to build its repute across Mauritius and will hence fall out with each and every of their exigencies (for instance, changing the whole architecture while construction is already underway, short notice deadlines) to avoid switching to competitors.Bargaining power of suppliersREHM Grinakers main suppliers are Gamma Materials Ltd, UBP. The latter are well known for providing quality products and have a considerable impact on the utmost exam delivery of REHM Grinaker to its clients. So, REHM Grinaker has no other choice but rely on these specific suppliers. Unlike Gamma Civic, it does not have the possibility of case on the buyer by going forward vertical integrating that is produce its own raw materials itself. Hence, it is compelled to keep a good human relationship with its suppliers.Existing competitive rivalry between competitorsAs in any industry in Mauritius and abroad, there is rivalry among competitors and the construction industry is not left out. For instance, the main rivals of REHM Grinaker are General Construction Co Ltd, Gamma Civic, PAD Co., and BCE. So according to the strategies used by its main competitors, REHM Grinaker has to customise and thus differentiate its strategies in order to outmatch them and be a leader of this market.PESTLE Analysis of REHM GRINAKERPolitical and Legal factorsAccording to the coach of REHM Grinaker, the government focuses heavily on foreign contractors which impacts negatively on REHM Grinaker in the form of competition. Moreover, certain companies in the construction sector are more privileged when compared to Rehm Grinaker since they got high political background.On the other hand, for the legal factors, REHM Grinaker needs to agree upon sever al binding laws such as the labour laws and rubber laws impose by the government. For example according to the safety law, it is recommended to have one full time registered safety officer and for REHM Grinaker it employs one senior safety manager, two safety managers and six trainee safety officers.Economic factorsFor the economic factors, the manager of REHM Grinaker believes that the construction sector in Mauritius is fluctuating. The demand is falling and according to him investors also are not investing their money as they are aspect for the stability of the Mauritian economy. He also mentioned that due to the recent downturn, the economic situation is unstable for the construction industry as a whole.Social and Environmental factorsAs for the social factors, 2% of REHM Grinaker profits go for the CSR fund where the bulk of the money goes mainly for the unprivileged and disable children. For example they donate currency to APEIM and to several schools for disabled children. On the other hand, for environmental factors, the manager believes in building what is designed. He pointed out they do care for the environment when they are undertaking construction work and for each project they undertake, an environment management plan is prepared whereby according to him it consists of how to promote a safe environment that is not to harm the environment. A plan for management of waste also is prepared and strategies on how to avoid less pollution such as noise and air pollution while working.Technological factorsNowadays REHM Grinaker is enmeshed into the construction of huge buildings such as Bagatelle and SIT business and knowledge centre with the help of new and modern equipments. According to the manager, REHM Grinaker makes use of big cranes to facilitate and makes it easier to work. They also make use of reusable equipment, such as metal which is more flexible instead of wood which were used long ago.Moreover, one example of new equipment that was used in the construction of Bagatelle is the post tension cables.THE BCG MATRIXIn the light of the instruction obtained from the interview with Mr Moothien Pillay, it could be deduced that REHM Grinaker is found in the Star segment of the BCG Matrix. The organization is one of the market leaders in the construction sector with so many outstanding projects in the pipeline.THE ANSOFF MATRIXAs from the Ansoff Matrix, and according to the interview, it could be deduced that REHM Grinaker is actually in the Market development section. Since its 21 years of existence, it has not quite diverted from its main activity which is the construction of infrastructures. However, this company has been stressful to capture new markets at all times. It is going for more vainglorious projects. From the extension and renovation of small buildings, it has of late been involved in the construction of Bagatelle and Cascavelle Malls, which are, if not, the biggest projects REHM Grinaker has ever embarked on.M arketing Ethics and Social Responsibility matchless of the most important marketing assets of REHM Grinaker, according to the Manager, is its corporate image. As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as honorable considerations are concerned, integrity is one of the main core values of REHM Grinaker. Personal relationships with suppliers, clients and project managers are always managed in an ethical manner and the organization does not run on bribes. There is no preference for family members of employees in the organization and a decent salary is given to all employees. No one worker on sites is exploited. Therefore, REHM Grinaker makes it an adage to work in the cleanest environment. And if anyone is aware of any unethical behaviour, it is the onus of that person to brood it. Therefore, REHM Grinaker wants live up to its good reputation and this is the best marketing schema it can possibly flaunt.Furthermore, as any organization, REHM Grinaker does not fail to digest 2% of its profits to the CSR Fund. Nonetheless, it has also engaged itself in many social work activities. Since its headquarters is found in a poverty-stricken area, REHM Grinaker has chosen to help the underprivileged children living in the vicinities. The company namely invested in education training as well as in organizing events for them during the homophile(a) season. Again, through this endeavour, REHM Grinaker wants to differentiate itself and improve its corporate image.STRATEGIC PLANNING transitIn todays highly competitive business environment, organisations must engage themselves in strategic planning that clearly defines the mission, objectives and assesses both the internal and external situation to formulate strategy, implement the strategy, evaluate the progress and make adjustments as necessary to stay on track.THE STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESSMission Objectives bureau /Strategic Analysis schema Formulation/ Strategic ChoiceStrategy Implementation/ControlStrategic Analysis/Situation ana lysisThe environmentPestle analysis of Rehm GrinakerStrategic CapabilitiesSwot analysis of Rehm GrinakerStakeholders expectationsThe stakeholders of Rehm Grinaker expects that the management and the employees coif their duties conscientiously, honestly and in accordance with the best interests of them and the company.Moreover, Rehm-Grinaker is a preferred contractor for most of the major stakeholders in the industry because the company has built its success on achieving quality on time not only to the final construction product but when dealing with partners in the construction process as well.Organisational CultureThe organisation culture of Rehm Grinaker is to deliver quality work on time.Strategy Formulation/Strategic ChoiceGiven the information from the environmental scan, the firm should match its strength to the opportunities that it has identified, while addressing its weaknesses and external threats.In addition to that to have superior profitability, firms seek to develop a competitive advantage. In the case of Rehm Grinaker, it can be seen that the company has competitive edge in providing sustainable construction works and the most important competitive advantage that the firm has over its competitors is the accessibility to the expertise and resources of shareholder Aveng Grinaker-LTA, one of the largest Construction companies in Africa.Strategy Implementation/ControlThe selected strategy is implement by means of programs, budgets and procedures as well as the implementation of the strategy must be monitored and adjustments made as needed.In the case of Rehm Grinaker, the company must assess their actual performances and have detailed specifications on contracts terminate such as Bagatelle Infrastructure, La Croisette Bulk Earthworks, Terre Rouge Verdun, and among others.

Dynamics of Negotiations: Failed GE-Honeywell Merger Deal

Dynamics of Negotiations Failed GE-Honey advantageously Merger DealConceptu all in ally, the purpose of each dialog is to reach an commensurateness and realize the desired outcome, through good and amicable resolutions. The simple principle is to separate the parties from the issue, and focus on their interests sort of than positions. But in reality, the process is not always so-especially in multiparty negotiations, which involves quadruplicate parties with varying interests and differences. The objective of this essay therefore, is to critically analyze the complex personality of multiparty negotiations with specific reference to a failed GE-Honeywell nu travel by fusion reaction deal. The ultimate aim is to sidle up the dynamics of the negotiations from standpoint of the parties interests and positions in the general outcome.Keywords multiparty negotiations, desired outcome, interests positions, failed merger.1. IntroductionMultiparty negotiation is defined in this co ntext, as interactions involving multiple parties with varying interests and differences. Multiparty negotiation terminate be a complex and messy process, often with non-obvious outcomes. A public figure of elements make multiparty interactions significantly to a greater extent complex and awkward than two-party negotiations. A notable difference is the variety of decision rules that might occur. For instance, in a two-party arrangement, failure of both parties to reach agreement leads to impasse whereas, in multiparty negotiations, different decision rules could apply.In this article, analysis is focused on interests, differences and positions of all the parties involved in negotiating the (2001-2005), proposed seam merger between popular electric Comp whatsoever and Honeywell International Inc. The rationale is to examine the interplay between the parties, in terms of strategies and tactics adopted during negotiations degree of awargonness of the parties BATNA and extent to which they employed warlike or cooperative strategies. The report also attempts to identify framing/anchoring techniques in the negotiations, and equally consider the role of trust, written report and expertise in the overall decision/outcome of the negotiations.2. Main Parties InvolvedThe bid by General Electric (GE) to take over Honeywell International Inc. in 2001 was typeset to nonplus the biggest merger in industrial history, when the European Commission barred it from taking place1. This transatlantic negotiations for a business merger involved strategic parties much(prenominal) as GE Manufacturing Company, GE Capital Services, unite States Department of Justice, the US Military, European Commission and the European Court of First Instance (CFI). worthy among individual personalities who also participated actively and played tactical roles in the negotiations are European competition commissioner- Mario Monti and the GE Spokesperson-Jonathan Todd.3. Institutional and H istorical ContextIn 2001, one of the biggest companies in the world, General Electric-American giant manufacturer of aircraft engines was attracted by Honeywell Internationals aerospace businesses1-avionics technology, which hold in perfectly with GEs business interests creating remarkable synergies for these two American companies. GE Manufacturing Company was responsible for operational aspect, fleck all financial obligations for the merger were the responsibility of GE Capital Services-the financial tree branch of General Electric. The United States Department of Justice as a critical party in the negotiations, had earlier passed the merger, on condition that GE divest itself of Honeywells military whirlybird unit, to protect the US military1. However, approval from European Commission was not casual to obtain and the deal fell through.4. Interests/Positions of the PartiesAccording to GE-Honeywell, their interest in the merger was to capitalize on core business competencies and do synergies. Other expressed reasons included, increasing market power and sharing infrastructure. The US-Department of Justice was happy with the proposed-merger and consented to it. However, it besidesk cognisance of the concerns of US-Military over the security of their military helicopters whose manufacture/servicing was vested with Honeywell. In mentation of this, the Department agreed with all other terms of the negotiations, but recommended that GE divest itself of Honeywells military helicopter unit to protect the US military1.Conversely, the European Commission-EC was unhappy with the deal and prohibited its emergence. Their interest was to protect European markets from comprehend monopoly. EC argued that a merger between GE and Honeywell would create too powerful an entity that would adversely affect the competitive position in the aerospace industry1. They retained that the merger would give the two companies huge combined market package in the common markets in which they operated1. This, they observed would harm competitors as well as customers, by creating a near monopoly situation1.5. Strategies and Tactics Adopted alone the parties involved in this negotiation failed to invent options for mutual gain. While GE-Honeywell was more of contending and unwilling to concede to any of the demands the EC on their part appeared to project had bottom-line in the negotiations, as they never considered other options outside their interests. They all exhibited clear case of spunky-concern for self and low-concern for others. For instance, The EC demanded that substantial chunks (amounting to about $ 7 billion) be divested by the two companies, and restrictions be imposed on the operations of the super profitable GE Capital Services1. The demands GE said were far more than what it was ready to concede. The American companies and the regulatory authorities resorted to threats and slow/low allegiance tactics while the EC stood on take-it-or-le ave-it option.6. Awareness of BATNA and drop of competitory/Cooperative StrategyIt is obvious that the flexibility of Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement-BATNA, which was supposed to show all the parties what alternatives to negotiated agreements would be, and equally serve as stock(a) against which agreements be measured was neglected in favor of predetermined bottom-line. GE and its allies for example, recognized court litigation as their only BATNA, while EC predetermined a ban without further options.As it were with umteen multiparty negotiations, the differences in interests/positions of the transatlantic regulatory authorities gave rise to competitiveness sort of of cooperative strategy, which was unfortunately not resolved. Having used much of delay tactics, their unfitness to cooperate and explore other options to resolve their differences caused the deal fell through.7. Use of underframe and Anchoring TechniquesAnchoring and Framing are two psychological techni ques that negotiators use to fix the negotiation process and its final outcome. While frames give alternative descriptions that sustain negotiators make sense of complex information and focus on the primary(prenominal) issue Anchors as bobby traps are set by negotiators to win their opponents, by defining the mental parameters within which the process operates. These two techniques featured prominently in this negotiation.For example, the EC universe fully aware of its predetermined bottom-line set anchors for GE, by making outrageous demand for huge divestment of $ 7 one million million million and other heavy sanctions it knew GE will be unwilling to concede. These high claims therefore misled GE. The US Department of Justice also used Framing technique to quickly self-guard US Military, by recommending a divestment from its helicopter arm from the merger. The Department focused on the main issue and disregarded any other feature outside the frame of the main issue. Also, t he resorted name-calling by the integrate companies and their allies on EC as being dubious and anti-American business was part of their anchoring to provoke favorable decision and skew the final outcome.8. Role of Trust/Reputation/Expertise and the Non-obvious SolutionIt is glaring that reputation/expertise of the merging companies remained the focal issue upon which the negotiating authorities based their arguments-of which umpteen commentators knew would not produce an obvious solution. GE has a reputation of being arguably, the richest and best aircraft engines manufacturer in the world and Honeywell was rated worlds number one in manufacture of aircraft avionics. The estimated capital worth of their merger was about $42 Billion2, which indeed played an intimidating role in the negotiation.Lack of trust became a critical factor that determined the final outcome of the negotiations. While EC questioned the integrity of the merger, and viewed it as a plot by the American compani es to create monopoly and harm competitors/customers the American companies and their supporters described ECs position as anti- American business attitude2. This undercurrent of tension/distrust ran so deep across the ranks that about called it transatlantic trade war2. With grandstanding positions by the parties from onset, many opined individuals/groups pointed earlier that there was surmisal of non-obvious solution, which indeed became the final outcome9. Lessons Learnt and ConclusionsThe important lesson learnt here, which is in total agreement with the concept of negotiation, as can be deduced from above examples is that making multi-party negotiations institute successfully is a complicated and complex process. As can be inferred from above analysis, the negotiation fell through because of varying interests, parties differences and lack of trust.Strategically, the merger made good business sense, but contrasting positions hindered its realization hence, a failed merger. Th is special-type multiparty negotiations, marked the first time in negotiation history that transatlantic regulatory authorities differed significantly in their decisions.Conclusively, it is worth noting here that precise consultations with effective use of individual BATNAs, Framing and Cooperative strategies during the interactions would likely seduce paved the way for successful negotiations that would be of mutual (win-win) benefits.

Five Governance Factors Example

Five Governance Factors ExampleIntroductionIn this opinion I discuss the various examples of organisations and the five governance factors scheme, compliance, accountability, horticulture and expertise. S successful and unsuccessful organisations be to a fault comp ard. I also economise down conclusions I have come to through doing this assessment.Hamilton urban focus Council outline Hamilton city council broadcasts lots of projects and they make a strategy to achieve the goal. City council main strategy is to provide basic facilities and infra-structure to the population (do you have a reference to support this statement). We saw viewed amistake in city council systems for employment when unitary death happened in Hamilton zoo. There were mistakes in health and rubber eraser. contour raw(a) Zealand giving medication makes laws. If the city council does non work properly than spirit govt. stock over the charge. So city council follows the different type of determine and act. present the above c befully and rephrase to make sense.Accountability Hamilton city council project the full city services like cleaning the road, picking up rubbish, streetlights, health, some environmental education and so on. The City council has different subdivisions and the wit of this department is accountable for these duties. stopping point New Zealand is multicultural country so this has a great impact on Hamilton city council. There be an ample number of employees work together belongs to different countries and culture. Men and women both ar equal, so thither is friendly work culture(source). When there is not much cultural diversity and it is tough to brood the all different cultures. Hamilton city council celebrates different festival that is link up to different culture. So, in this path council provide sincere working environment.Expertise city council has engineers and project animal trainers to plan and implement all projects. Different depar tment have experts related to their work. For example civil engineers, it engineers, project managers etc(This unwrapms to repeat the sentence before).Bidvest schema BIDVest main strategy is to provide good point of intersections to our guests. Bidvest focus on the quality of products and make a difficult relationship with their customers. There are some failinges in product storage strategy because products grow once in a form so some time play along faces the products deficit. It is difficult and crucial to satiate the customer ask.Compliance all of the BIDVest distribution centers are multi temperature facilities with HACCP (what does this abbreviation mean)recognised sustenance gum elastic programs. The three hundred plus trucks that make up the lecture convoy are allocated to ambient, chilled and frozen products ensuring reliability throughout the supply chain. sometimes drivers cannot follow the rules and regulations of company as easily as they not handle produc ts properly or compromise with victuals and safety rule.Accountability BIDVest is self-reliancey to provide our products to customers at the right time as well as make sure food quality is good and fresh. The branch manager is responsible for all formalities like follow the food and safety act.Culture BIDVest provide good working environment for our workers as well as facilities. No partiality, no difference between men and woman. notwithstanding over workload is big problem in BIDVest because of this workers feel squash in our minds. There is an ample number of reasons for pressure like shortage of worker, busy work environment etc.. .Expertise BIDVest is expert to handle the food in extreme situations. They bang how to handle the different types of fruits and vegetables. BIDVest store products agree to suitable temperature. BIDVest have food experts that doing these things.Action group charitable impudence scheme serve provides medical facilities to the execrable and he lpless people drop out of cost. This trust follow the aim of lala munni ram mange ram, he is founder of achievement groups of company. They provide cancer treatment free of cost. But there are some restrictions to get the free treatment. I personally advocate that it is truly hard for common person to fulfill this formalities and I see this as a weakness of action group trust strategy.Compliance sri bala ji action medical institute work under Indian law and medical act. Action always concentrates on the health and safety and provides treatment under the guidance of world-class doctors. It is very hard to occur out the mistake in compliance but as we screw that every finger does not have same size so, whole staff and doctors not follow the rule some doctors make funds to start our private clinic.Accountability sri balaji action charitable hospital is accountable to provide good medical services to the people. Director of trust check into the whole trust and make sure every si ngle department of hospital doing work correctly agree to Indian law and trust guidelines. They also take report from every medical and department head.Culture in action hospital there are daily thousands of woeful people come for treatment. Action trust follows the friendly and guides help to poor people culture as well as staff and doctors are friendly together also honest, punctual and stronger job commitment. Action hospital situated in New Delhi but staff is south Indian so it create problem of communication between the patients.Expertise sri balaji action charitable hospital have expert doctors related to different type of medical field like heart, skin, cancer, ENT, MD, liver and any type of cognitive operation etc (Do not use abbreviations unless you have explained them once in full before) Doctors give treatment to the patient after analysis (diagnosis) of the problem.Indian governmentStrategy Indian government aim to provide necessary facilities to our people like good education, health services, good road infrastructure, strong defense, transport, more jobs opportunity, good financial structure. As every coin has two sides there are also some officials that not provide good service and facility to the people. Moreover, they are corrupt. Every day we are read lates related to corruption and scams. Like coal scam etc.Compliance Indian government system works with the help of parliament and central cabinet. locker works under the leadership of prime minister and make the teaching and welfare program. But it is long term process to pass the new bill in both houses because opposition always try to rein out way to fail the new bill proposed by government. Because of this galore(postnominal) projects are not implemented and the populace faces lots of problems.Accountability Indian government is responsible for good health services, good infrastructure, and education. Indian govt. hear good step recently to stop the corruption. But unemployment i s burning answer and state is accountable to solve this problem.Culture India is a multicultural country. Indian government provides equal opportunity to everyone. All ministries work for humanity. But according to my point of view north east India is cut off from other India so, it is crucial to develop north east side and spread sensory faculty about different culture. So, as a result of this people know about all different cultures of India.Expertise In Indian government every department have IAS and IPS officer that are expert in there related department. They know each and every thing and strike government system easily and in right direction.Hero HondaStrategy wedge heel and Honda make a partnership in past time. two make a strategy to establish a two cyclist plant in India. Main strategy of hero Honda is to provide a mileage bike to their costumer in a good cost and it is successful. But after got success there are some weakness in strategy to make partnership relation more strong due to this both company were broke their partnership and establish there on business.Compliance Hero Honda Company follows the industrial and motor vehicle act. Of India. They make bike according to Indian road condition. In mathematical product plant hero Honda follow the health and safety rule. Also company set up their own rule. According to me in service center of hero Honda lower level staff not follow the rule properly.Accountability hero Honda is responsible for quality and performance of their vehicle. Hero Honda is also accountable to provide services to their costumer. In every service center of hero Honda provide good services and facilities. Branch manager is responsible for this type of things.Culture hero Honda is to different companies belongs to different counties and culture. Company follows the multi culture rule and make sure all staff will be comfortable in the work place. Like managers and another staff are belongs to India and Japan and both giv e respect to another culture, feelings and emotions.Expertise hero Honda has expert automotive engineers. That is capable and expert to design the vehicle. Sale manager, customer relationship manager etc. Company has an expert related to needs of company.SUCCESSEFUL conjunction(VODAFONE)UNSUCCESSFUL ships company(VIRGIN)STRATEGY VODAFONE IS INTERNATIONAL telecom COMPANY.VODAFONE curb OUR STRATEGY AND FUTURE PLAN fit TO INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND needs OF COSTUMER.STRATEGY VIRGIN IS NOT AS FAMOUS AS TELECOM COMPANY.THEY MAKE STRATEGY TO extend CHEAPER CALL RATES TO PEOPLE AND absorb THEM. only when IN THIS WAY THEY FACE LOSS.COMPLIANCE THEY FOLLOW THE radiation diagram AND TELECOMMUNICATION ACT. ALSO THEY MAKE THEIR OWN RULE TO RUN COMPANY IN SUCCESSFUL WAY.COMPLIANCE COMPANY FOLLOWS THE TELECOMMUNICATION RULE AND ACT, BUT NOT SET UP THEIR OWNS RULE TO RUN COMPANY IN A GOOD WAY.ACCOUNTABILITY VODAFONE IS ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR SERVICES.THEY SET UP ACCONTABILITY ACCORDING TO DUTY.LIKE CUSTOMER SERVICE, CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP, COMPANY PLANS AND SERVICES.ACCOUNTABILITY IN THIS COMPANY at that place ar SOME PROBLEM TO SET UP RESPONSIBILTY.LIKE HOW TO RUN THE COMPANY , deprivation OF COSTOMER RELATIONSHIP AND POOR NETWORK.CULTURE VODAFONE FOLLOW THE MULTI CULTURE BECAUSE IT IS INTERNATIONAL COMPANY. there ARE AMPLE NUMBER OF WORKER THAT BELONGS TO DIFFERENT CULTURE AND PROVIDE GOOD ENVIRONMENT.CULTURE THERE ARE NOT GOOD operative ENVIRONMENT AND EMPLOYEE NOT FEEL WELL OR COMFERTABLE.BAD INFRASTUCTURE, WORKLOAD AND module SHORTAGE.EXPERTIES VODAFONE HAVE A GOOD EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF TELECOMMUNICATION.THEY ARE EXPERT HOW TO ATTRACT THE COSTUMER WITH PROFIT.EXPERTIES VIRGIN IS NEW ESTABLISHING COMPANY AND LACK OF EXPERTS OF TELECOMMUNICATION.ReferencesHamilton city council http//www.Hamilton.Govt.Nz/pages/default.AspxAction hospital http//www.Actiongroup.Co.In/medical_insitute/overview.HtmlBidvest http//www.Bidfood.Co.Nz/foodservice/Hero Honda https// en.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/hero_motocorpro HondaVodafone https//en.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/vodafone_india

The Importance of Education :: Importance of Education Essays

After twelve years of drill, it took me until now to take in out exactly why I had been there all those years. It was non to torture me by making me learn how to spell but to brand sure that my classmates and I got the opportunity to make the most of ourselves. Opportunity that would cause from learning as much as possible from books and beginning to take up that the world focuses on more than just history and English . I owe my success in life and school to teachers who taught me to spell and to be reverential and responsible. Those quick to argue with me say that schools usefulness is shallow deeper-real-life loves truly educate a person. School should be seen not only as a side to study, but also as a place to learn about real life. People crowd outnot depend on experience al integrity for education just as they cannot solely rely on information from school books to prepare them for life. The lessons, whether from a book or not, erudite in school transcend the classroo m to real life situations.School, in essence, functions as a ladder to the future. The farther up the ladder a person goes, the more prepared for real life he volition find himself. Respect is one of the keys to getting up the ladder and bring home the bacon in many aspects of life. I grew up respecting my elders whether it was my grandparents or the librarian, I deal always had respect. The regard I have developed for teachers has come from discerning that I will need their help to make it through school and I can only get it by being respectful and polite. To help students up the ladder, school indirectly teaches its students about respect. Although not open up on the pages of any text book, learning lessons in respect can be very helpful. The idea of respect starts with teachers and often branches to the development of compeer and self respect. Everyone has experienced a teacher that they couldnt stand and dreaded vent to that class. It was times like that which challenged the respect that had begun to develop. In eight grade, my english teacher was one of the mose mean people I have ever met. I got a 0 on a quiz because I spelled one word wrong (it was not a spelling quiz). I hated going to her class, half the time, I just wanted to scream at her.

Quality Healthcare Includes Empathy Essay examples -- Healthcare

Quality Healthcare Includes EmpathyA man walks into an emergency room with an intense torture in his abdomen. He is hoping to find a doctor who knows how to treat him. The doctor enters his room and begins robotically palpating his abdomen, screening no hint of recognition for the distressingness he is in. The man begins to use up himself, Does this doctor care that I am in extreme pain? He then wonders, If he doesnt care that I am in pain, how motivated can he be to ease my pain? This might seem like a silly question. If the physician didnt care about healing people, why would he become a doctor? Modern technology has caused doctors to become complacent and emotionally disjointed from their patients. Doctors must be empathetic towards their patients in order to deliver forest wellnesscare despite the lack of time they have for their patients. The patients perception of the doctor in this situation is that he lacks empathy. Empathy can be described as the ability fo r one person to understand others feelings and thoughts. The role of empathy in healthcare is very important to a greater extent specifically, it is crucial for doctors to be able to effectively express empathy without compromising their simple objective, which is to diagnose and treat patients. While the science of medicine is primarily found on the function of the human body, it cannot be ignored that emotional health plays a vital role in a patients quality of life. Improving physical health will inevitably remediate emotional health. The appropriate way to approach healing is with an understanding of this concept. In the article Empathy in MedicineA Neurobiological Perspective, Dr. Helen Rice statesempathetic physicians can obtain critical information and ins... ...tag=contentMaincontentBodyRice, H. (2010). Empathy in medicine--a neurobiological perspective. JAMA, 304(14), 1605. Retrieved from http//drscottwright.wikispaces.com/ file cabinet/view/Empathy and Medicin e - A Neurobiological Perspective.pdfSwitankowsky, I. (2005). From detached concern to empathy Humanizing checkup practice. Humane Medicine Health Care, 5(2), Retrieved from http//www.humanehealthcare.com/Article.asp?art_id=834Hardee, J. (2010, February 16). The role of empathy in healthcare. Retrieved from http//realbalance.com/index.php?option=com_content& assess=view&id=143&Itemid=999Torrey, T. (2011, September 13). Web log message. Retrieved from http//patients.about.com/od/therightdoctorforyou/a/docpatientcomm.htmWolfe, S., Carome, M., Barbehenn, E., & Sasich, L. Web log message. Retrieved from http//www.worstpills.org/ globe/page.cfm?op_id=3

Richard Feynman Essay -- biographies biography bio

Richard Feynman was born on May 11, 1918 in Brooklyn to Lucille and Melville Feynman. Feynmans childhood pedestal was in the community of Far Rockaway, in the outskirts if Manhattan. When Feynman was born, his father, Melville, had already determined that Feynman would promote up to be a scientist. Melville had always dreamed to be a scientist. Unfortunately, Melvilles dream was left unsatisfied only to live it through his son. Melville back up Feynman not to focus on things he knew, unless rather things he did not know. This was the base of Richard Feynmans understanding. Feynman believed sincerely that what was important was not knowing the answers to questions, but instead asking the right questions. He believed that the answers wait patiently to be discovered. Richard Feynmans mother, Lucille, also influenced his future success as a scientist. Lucille taught Feynman to take manners lightly and to have a powerful sense of humor. While Melvi lle allowed Feynman the tools to seek his future, Lucille taught him to laugh, take life lightly, and have courage in himself. Both of Feynmans parents vie an important role in guiding their son to success. When Feynman grew to be a young man in school, he fell in erotic love with Arline Greenbaum, the girl of his dreams. It didnt take much for Arline to become the most important someone in Feynmans life. Arline seemed to share his take on life. It is said that the pair were do for each other.Later in his life, Feynman attended college as a physics major. He finished his first four years in 1939 at MIT, and then moved on to Princeton for graduate school. While at Princeton, Feynman proposed to Arline. The dickens planned to be married after hecom... ...an Lectures on Physics, was published in 1963 and remains a leading text in physics classes. In Lectures, Mr. Feynman responded to charges that scientific understanding detracts from an esthet ic appreciation of nature The vastness of the orbit stretches my imagination -- stuck on this carousel my shortsighted eye can hint one-million-year-old light. A vast pattern -- of which I was a part -- maybe my stuff was belched from some forgotten star, as one is belching on that point . . . It does not do harm to the mystery to know a little about it. Far more marvelous is the truth than any artists of the olden imagined Mr. Feynman leaves his wife, Gweneth a son, Carl a daughter, Michelle, and a sister, Joan Feynman. A memorial service provide be held at a later date.

The Women of Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Women of Othello           The women of Shakespe atomic number 18s Othello are put into stereotypical roles, but behind peoples backs escape much stronger types. Desdemona, goes against her tyros orders and marries a moor. Bianca innocently takes break off in Desdemonas death. Emilia has an opportunity to save Desdemona but sneakingly remains silent. These women are similar because they are treated like they are lower then the men in their days. But they do not let that hold them back. These women take part in anything that pleases them. In no way would they let men ensure them what to do Desdemona was the daughter of the Ve dismissian Senator Brabantio. Against her fathers wishes, she marries a moor, Othello. The marriage seems to be monstrous- in the sense that it represents a deviation from that which is natural. How else, Brabantio asks, would Desdemona, so carefully, have brought such indignation upon herself and her father by shunning, the wealthy curled darlings of our nation(Act 1 chance 2 Line 68). Desdemona arrives and gently resolves the dispute by acknowledging split loyalties to her father and to her new husband, but making it clear that she now belongs to Othello. For the play universe set in the late sixteenth century, Desdemonas defense of her actions is remarkably forthright, spirited, and courageous. She was conscious(predicate) of the great risk involved when she married a moor. She says She remains marge to her noble father for her life and education he remains her churchman of duty, and she will always honor him as such. Now however, she has a husband, and she essential recognize her duties to him just as her mother did to Brabantio(Act 1 Scene 3 Line 181). Desdemona is a well-born and well educated daughter of a Venetian senator. She has been trained to adapt herself easily to any social situation. You could see how she is resolved in her choice of a husband and in her defense of him. Desdemonas unstinting nature tries to help Cassio receive his spot as Liutenant back. This is when her kindness go for weakness. Using Desdemona and her natural goodness, Iago will turn her virtue into pitch, and make the net that shall enmesh them all(Act2 Scene 3 Line 366). It is Desdemonas innocent fire to reconcile Othello with Cassio that gives Iago the opportunity to wreak vengeance upon Othello, causing the murder and suicide, which take up this tragedy to its violent conclusion.

Stephen King :: Essays Papers

Stephen world-beater gentleman arsehole The Horror Controlling Purpose The purpose of this written report is to, in panoptic detail, choke you the faithful reader an understanding of star of the worlds near prolific writers. There is a push-down list more to Stephen poof then numerous best selling books and polish off movies. He is a true genius in every intelligence of the word, and I localize him amongst the greatest writers of all time. I feel I can course my opinion on him so freely and roundly because I take on read every published work on he was ever had, and most of them I consider to be classics. In the terminal I consent to show you the true brilliance of Stephen fagot, and hopefully give you an insightful aroma at his past history.I.The Life of Stephen major powerA.former(a) eld to His head start BookB.The Books that made him FamousC.Facts and Tidbits about Stephen KingII.Stephen King The Man and His Works in My WordsA.The Writers Opinion on Mr . KingB.A Review of the NovelsThe Life of Stephen KingA. Early Years to his First Born in 1947, Stephen Edwin King was the secant son of Donald and Nellie commiseration Pillsbury King. When he was very young his parents were separated, so he and his older brother, David were elevated by their fuck off. In his sisterhood he dog-tired time castle Wayne, Indiana, where his fathers family was at the time, and in Stratford, Connecticut. As a child Stephen and his brother made frequent visits to his mothers family in Malden, mammy and the small town of Pownal, Maine. At the young time of eleven, his mother travel him and his brother back to Durham, Maine, this time for good. She did so because her parents had puzzle debilitated with old age, and Ruth had been convinced by her siblings to assume the interest of the elderly couple. separate members of the family contributed money and support while others pitched unneurotic to supply her with a small house in Durham. When Stephens grandparents passed on, his mother found work in Pineland, which was a nearby place for mentally retarded people. King go to grammar school in Durham and then lavishly school in Lisbon Falls High School, from where King graduate in 1966. He attended college at the University of Maine in Orono, and in his soph year he wrote a weekly column for the school newspaper, The Maine Campus.Stephen King Essays PapersStephen KingMan Behind The Horror Controlling Purpose The purpose of this paper is to, in extensive detail, give you the faithful reader an understanding of one of the worlds most prolific writers. There is a lot more to Stephen King then numerous best selling books and hit movies. He is a true genius in every sense of the word, and I rank him amongst the greatest writers of all time. I feel I can give my opinion on him so freely and bluntly because I have read every published work he was ever had, and most of them I consider to be classics. In the en d I hope to show you the true brilliance of Stephen King, and hopefully give you an insightful look at his past history.I.The Life of Stephen KingA.Early Years to His First BookB.The Books that made him FamousC.Facts and Tidbits about Stephen KingII.Stephen King The Man and His Works in My WordsA.The Writers Opinion on Mr. KingB.A Review of the NovelsThe Life of Stephen KingA. Early Years to his First Born in 1947, Stephen Edwin King was the second son of Donald and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury King. When he was very young his parents were separated, so he and his older brother, David were raised by their mother. In his childhood he spent time Fort Wayne, Indiana, where his fathers family was at the time, and in Stratford, Connecticut. As a child Stephen and his brother made frequent visits to his mothers family in Malden, Massachusetts and the small town of Pownal, Maine. At the young age of eleven, his mother moved him and his brother back to Durham, Maine, this time for good. Sh e did so because her parents had become debilitated with old age, and Ruth had been convinced by her siblings to assume the care of the elderly couple. Other members of the family contributed money and support while others pitched together to supply her with a small house in Durham. When Stephens grandparents passed on, his mother found work in Pineland, which was a nearby place for retarded people. King attended grammar school in Durham and then high school in Lisbon Falls High School, from where King graduated in 1966. He attended college at the University of Maine in Orono, and in his sophomore year he wrote a weekly column for the school newspaper, The Maine Campus.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Parson :: Parson Essays

The Parson What He Said and Why The Canterbury Tales fissure many characters whose vocation does not match his or her tale. This often provides bodily fluid and provokes very much thought. Yet Chaucer makes the parson match his tale. This provokes a more real train of thought. Thus Chaucer shows forth his brilliance in his versatility of subject matter. The firstly thing ane should notice in the Parsons tale is that the Parson refuses to say a fable. In lines 30-36, the Parson gives his reasoning for a straightforward prose. He will not tell a story mixed with stem and wheat. Rather, he chooses to tell a tale in nonfiction prose so all can understand with clarity. His object is not so much to tell an impressive story but to show forth what he deems important. Second, he speaks in a respectable medieval manner by calling upon authorities. Whereas the wife of Bath says she will not reference authorities, he does so unashamedly. He references the Biblical figures Matthew, Jer emiah, Solomon, David, Jesus, Job, Hezekiah, Ezekiel, Peter, Jeremiah, Moses, Isaiah, Micah, John, Joseph, Paul, Zechariah, and Luke. In addition he refers to scholars and saints such(prenominal) as Ambrose, Isidore, Gregory, Augustine, Chrysostom, Bernard, Seneca, Basil, Damasus, and Galen. As Augustine has been the most influential person in perform history, Augustine is the most quoted authority he uses. Moreover, he accepts a lengthy intervention on mortal and venial sins. He exemplifies many ways one may fall into one of the seven deadly sins. Such offenses include birth control as murder and nocturnal emission as adultery. He also gives guidelines how to prevent those sins. He offers hope to the penitent by setting forth the prescribed method of reconciliation ordained by Holy Church.

Excessive Salaries in Professional Baseball Essay -- MLB Sports Athlet

AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of the extreme increases in salaries of major league baseb each(prenominal) players. It looks at the effects of these increases on all areas of the game, from competitiveness, to fan appeal, to financial issues. It also looks at the different perspectives of all involved, including the owners, players, and the fans. to a fault shown in the paper are the possible solutions to the problem of baseball salaries, along with around of the possible negative outcomes in the future if nothing is do baseball games Skyrocketing SalariesIt can no longer be tell that baseball is honorable a game. Actually, it has been many years since that statement could be considered true. Only recently, however, did the entire nation, not just sports fans realize the extent to which this incident is true. Athletes, for the most part, shake always been paid better than the average American but now, with Alex Rodriguezs new contract, he is truthfully worth just as mu ch as the entire franchise that he plays for.Baseball salaries have skyrocketed out of control, and something must be done before the truth of the game, and eventually, the game itself is destroyed. There are many reasons why this will happen, and this consider will be supported by the viewpoints of all involved, players, owners, and fans. Many of the cold, nasty facts related to this salary increase will be shown, along with just now what has caused this exponential increase in digest.While the outcry against the outrageous contracts that the players clear single recently become national news, the anger towards the players for this dates back to the number one of the game. However, since the creation of free agency in 1976, the increase in pay has become out of control. In order to see this, one only has to look at the first two years of free agency, where salaries twofold (Bodley, 2000, par. 17). Additionally, the average salary is before long forty times higher than it was in 1976 (Fisher & Heller, 2001, par. 4).Baseball was the first sport to have free agency, and as it currently stands, the last to control it. All other major sports, basketball, football, and hockey, have plans in place in order to keep a check on salaries. As a result, they are not facing the crisis that Major partnership Baseball will soon have to deal with. These sports all have a form of a salary cap or some revenue sha... ...Fisher, E., Heller, D. (2001). Financial House of Cards. Insight on the News, 25 paragraphs. Retrieved February 24, 2001 from Friends University subroutine library on-line Database http//library.friends.edu2059.Fuhr, J. (1999). Stee-rike Four Whats Wrong With the Business of Baseball? capital of Georgia Economic Journal, 27(2), 38 paragraphs. Retrieved February 24, 2001 from Friends University Library on-line Database httplibrary.friends.edu2066. Noonan, D. (2000, December 8). Show me the roughly Money. Newsweek, 57-58.Ozanian, M. (2000, June 12). Too Much to Lose. Forbes, 12 paragraphs. Retrieved February 24, 2001 from Friends University Library on-line Database http//library.friends.edu2059.Saraceno, J. (2000 December 13). deuced Owner Dont Envy A-Rods Green. USA Today, 26 paragraphs. Retrieved from Friends University Library on line Database. http//library.friends.edu2059. Sullivan, R. (2000, December 25). Big Bucks and Baseball The imagination of Overpaying for an Athletes Services didnt Start with A-Rod, and it wont stop with him. Time, 5 paragraphs. Retrieved February 24, 2001, from Friends University Library on-line Database. http//library.friends.edu2059.