Relationship Between Skeletal and Muscular System

Relationship Between Skeletal and Muscular SystemLocomotion of the human body is a result from the alternate contractions and expansion of the ponderousnesss1. These contractions atomic number 18 generally lawsuitd by conversion of chemical energy to armys and moments therefore creating1. Based on the properties of hefts (structural and contractile), the muscular system of the human body is classified into three categories pinched tendon, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.1 2. In this essay the anatomical structure, contraction mechanism and also a disease of the skeletal muscle is explained. Generally in the human body nearly 40-45% of the total body weight comprises of the skeletal muscles and the rest 10% is made up of the of smooth muscles2. These muscles help keeping the build intact by distributing the external or internal loads evenly across the joints which atomic number 18 held by t annihilateons that help in the transmission of force muscles to the cram or joints , thus providing faculty for human motion1.Skeletal muscle is surrounded by a membrane called the epimysium, which consists of bundles of fascicles enveloped by a dense tissue called the perimysium12. These fascicles are made up of individual structural units that are long, cylindrically shaped multinucleated cells called muscle fibres2. The diameter of the muscle fibres varies from 1- 100m and has average length of 20cm2. Each muscle fibre is subdivided into thousands of myofibrils that are packed together in the form of cylindrical bundles by a dainty membrane called sarcolemma1,2 3. Skeletal Muscles cannot be repaired in suit of any damage but satellite cells which are located beneath the basal lamina of the myofibers have the ability to form new muscle fibres however the strength will not be same as the old skeletal muscle4. The myofibrils consists of many repeating units along its length called sarcomeres which is made up of thick and thin filaments of varying size having contractile proteins called actin and myosin respectively1,2 3. According to nuclear magnetic resonance studies the structure of the actin was tack together to be -helical in shape but certain some other experiments using scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) prove that actin appears to be double helical in structure5. Thick filaments on the other hand is made up of protein molecules called myosin with an average molecular weight 200,0006. The thick and the thin filaments are arranged in a parallel pattern in a sarcomere as granted in figure 2 this gives to the rise of dark bars called the A-bands which lie in the central region of the sarcomere12. The darkness in this band is because of the presence of the thick filaments and the cooccur of the thin filaments. The thin filaments are connected to the Z line, which is made up of complex and dense protein structures. These Z lines have an unique property of not allowing easy the passage of light. Another set of bands is the I bands, these are generally light bands because of the presence of thin filaments and they lie generally between the A band and the Z line. Titin molecules are polypeptide chains that link the Z line with the myosin filaments in this region and center them in a sarcomere1,27. These titin molecules is responsible for generation of a passive force upon application of any load 7. The striated appearance of the skeletal muscle is because of the presence of these bands. Some additional structures that are present are the H zone and the M line. The H zone lies in the centre of the A band and this region consists of only thick filaments. This zone is bisected by a relatively narrow band called the M line which is a result of the cross linking of proteins with the central region of the thick filaments. Recent studies which used electron micrographs to determine the ultrastructure of the M line it was pitch that the M line had a width of 750 A and the thickness of the M line was larg e as a result the opacity of this line was high8.The neuromuscular junctionThe neuromuscular junction is the site of action of push neuron (somatic efferent neurons) with respect to the muscle fibres. The axon terminal of the motor neuron bifurcates into some(prenominal) smaller branches, each of which forms a junction with the muscle fibre. Thus by this manner a single neuron is able to excite several muscle fibres at the site. The motor neuron and the muscle fibres at the site of the action are together known as the motor unit. The neural impulses from the axon branches are received by the muscle fibre at a site known as the motor end plate. The junction comprising of the axon terminal and the motor end plate together form the neuromuscular junction.The axon terminal contains a neurotransmitters (acetylcholine ( ACh)) in vesicles similar to those anchor at synaptic junctions. The daring plasm membrane is triggered by an action thereby opening the voltage sensitive calcium chan nels and allowing the calcium ions to diffuse into the axon terminal. The calcium ions bind to proteins and cause the release of ACh from the axon terminals into the muscle fibers. The diffusing ACh binds to the receptors located in the motor end plate and causes the opening of the ionic channels. The opening of the ionic channels causes the causal agency of sodium and potassium ions, due to the differential electrochemical gradient there is a higher influx of sodium than the efflux of potassium causing a local depolarization of the motor end plate which is called as end plate potency.The motor end plate has an enzyme known as acetylcholinestrase which causes the appaldown of ACh. The ACh ring in the receptors is in equilibrium with the free Ach present in cleft between the axon terminal and the skeletal muscle fibre. Acetylcholinestrase causes the fall in closeness of free ACh by breakdown, thus less amount of ACh is there to bind with receptors. The moment the receptors do no t contain bound ACh the ion channels in the end plate close. Thus causing the depolarised end plate to return to its resting potential so that it can respond the arrival of Ach which would be released by the next nerve action potential. The axon terminals are located at the centre of the muscle fibre and thus with the generation of muscle action potential the wave of provocation travels bidirectionally towards the end of the fibre.Sliding Filament MechanismActin is globular in structure and hence when these single polypeptide chain polymerizes with other actin molecules forms a helical structure with a myosin binding site. Hence along with tropomyosin and troponin regulatory proteins these molecules together form a thin filament (see fig.4).Myosin molecules on the other hand comprises of two golf ball club same(p) structures that are facing in the opposite direction hence these club heads are called myosin cross link up (see Fig.5). During shortening of the length these myosin c ross bridges hook on to the myosin binding sites in the actin molecules and pull the thin filaments towards the M line of each sarcomere.These filaments upon overlapping form arcs around the fixed poistion of the sarcomer. The length of I bands and the H zones keeps decreasing and finally reaches the minimum during the slew of the filaments .During contraction the length of the sarcomere depends on the movement of these molecules hence the length of the sarcomere decreases with the increase in contraction. This process of filament sliding is repeated many times to complete contraction of the muscle. The following figure (see Fig.6) shows the overlapping of the thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere.According to the sliding filament theory the muscle contraction process is due to the release of calcium ions. These ions are released by the lateral sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum when an action potential triggers the transverse T- tubules. Troponin and tropomyosin molecules preven t the overlapping of the actin and the myosin molecules before the release of the calcium ion. Upon release the calcium ions bind on to troponin complex to causing a shift and exposing the brisk site so that myosin cross bridges can be formed. Now the myosin is activated by the release of the calcium ions and breaks down in to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ,ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic element (Pi) releases energy. This energy is used by myosin heads to pull the actin myofilaments along so that these filaments slide over each other thus cross bridges break at on site and attach at the other causing the muscle to contract. The contraction cycle ends when there is no action potential propagating through and through the T-tubules. As a result of which the calcium release channels are closed and the remaining calcium ions are pumped out of the sarcoplasemic reticulum. The troponin-tropomyosin complex returns to it airplane pilot position and blocks the myosin binding site on actin. Thus the cross bridge movement ceases and the muscle relaxes. The above process is explained in figure 7 which gives the succession of operations that are involved in muscle contraction.Skeletal Muscle Disease- Muscular DystrophySkeletal muscle diseases are of many types which affect the natural movement and posture of the human body. This may be because of the loss of contractile properties of the muscle (myopathy) or the nervous system that is involved in contraction of the muscle (neuropathy). This disease taken into consideration here is muscular dystrophy.Muscular dystrophy is the name given to a group of genetic muscle related swage, characterized typically by muscle fibre degeneration. Generally about 1 in 3500 boys are affected and in the UK nearly around 100 boys are innate(p) of these diseaseA,C The most common among the group of disorders is the Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the myotonic muscular dystrophy . Usually it is more common in males since the disorde r is carried on the recessive sex chromosome (X chromosome). The sex chromosomes in males is made up of X and Y chromosomes, hence a disorder in anyone of the two would cause the genetic disorder to appear. However in females the sex chromosomes comprise of a pair of X chromosomes, thus a genetic disorder would not appear unless both the X chromosomes carry a disorder. The most common symptoms seen in muscular dystrophy are Scoliosis (the bending of the spine in a S pattern), inability to fling hence the balancing of the body is not proper, calf pain and improper gait. The following figure (Fig.8) shows the symptoms of muscular dystrophy. These symptoms are diagnosed by measuring the high direct of a certain enzyme called creatine kinase in the blood. Some other techniques include DNA testing and muscle biopsy. According to the recent findings it was found that certain biochemicals like dystrophin, merosin and adhalin were found deficient when diagnosed for muscular dystrophyB. D uchenne muscular dystrophy is the most serious and the most common type of dystrophies. In this dystrophy the Xp21 position part of the X chromosome arm carries the disorder and the gene that is encoded is dystrophin,. This protein is either absent or non functional in this disease. Normally patients suffering from this disease have a life forecast of 25 years which can improve depending on the spirit of treatment received so as to reduce the development of respiratory problems which may put up eventually to death. Most of the patients die at an early age because of the cardiacmyopathy. According to certain statistical studies done on the survival rate of duschenne muscular dystrphy it was found that the survival rate has increased from 14.4 years in the 1960s to 25.3 years in the 1990s but the occurrence of cardiacmyopathy has decreased the years to 16.9. Its also found that a drastic increase in percentage of survival rate from 0% in 1960s to 53% in 1990s upon good quality trea tment.

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature

psychoanalysis Study Of compound Discourse In LiteratureColonial discourse has been defined by human racehoody writers such as Diniz (1996126) who points out hat Colonial discourse usually refers to the writing which runs from five hundred years, through with(predicate) the days of European mercantile expansion, to our own time (1996126).This definition suggests that the era of Colonialism in literary works began in the 17th C. with the publication of Shakespe bes The Tempest (1611-12). In this paper, however, the condition is used to refer to the literature compose in English, but confined to the century of British Colonialism and the decades of anti- or post colonial activity which followed.Saids Orientalism (1978) uses the concept of colonial discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. So it can be said to inaugurate a refreshing kind of study of colonialism. Saids Orientalism examines how the East, including the Middle East, is re attested in the memoir and the lite rature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as inferior citizenry without religion or morals.Saids projecttries to show how knowledge nigh the non-Europeans was bulge of the process of maintaining powerfulness over them. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western Literature and non with how such building was accepted by colonial subjects. It examines the Western attitudes toward the East. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, week and feminised other. This depiction can be separateed with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine.Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994)Colonial discourse is a concept popularized by Edward Said. In this paper, it refers also to the knowledge of Africa constructed by the West (colonial writers as Defoe and Conrad) to bolster its colonizing interests, and the reception of the East (colonized writers as Achebe). Colonial discourse has not been the product of a certain age and it has attracted the trouble of some(prenominal) writers and critics. Those celebrated authors as Conrad and Defoe cr giveed remarkable industrial plant out of the subject of Colonialism. Nowadays, Colonial discourse is star of the to the highest degree current issues in literary criticism.1.2. Life and Works of Defoe, Conrad and Achebe1.2.1. Life and Works of DefoeDanial Defoe was born almost 1660 in London. His father, James Foe, was poor but hard utilisationing butcher. Defoe was not able to attend handed-down institutions comparable Oxford and Cambridge because of his fathers opposition. Defoe is often considered the father of English novel. He is a get the hang of simple prose and powerful narrative with a love of realistic detail. He is a great imaginative writer who creates one of the most familiar resonant myths of modern literature. He is influenced by the writings of Addison, Steel and Swift. Defoes important works a rgon Robinson Crusoe (1719), Moll Flanders (1722), Capitan Singleton (1720) and The Hi romance of Peter the Great and Colonel diddlysquat (1722). Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731.1.2.2. Life and Works of ConradJoseph Conrad was born in December 3, 1857. His childhood was affected by his homelands struggle for independence. He is a fine-tune novelist and short horizontal surface writer. Conrad is one of the English oral communications greatest stylists. He expires one of the greatest writers in the world. His major works include Heart of dimness (1902), entitle Jim (1900), The Secret Agent (1907), Under the Western Eyes (1911) and Nostrome (1904). He died of heart failure on August 3, 1924.1.2.3. Life and Works of AchebeChinua Achebe was born in Ogidi in eastern Nigeria on November 16, 1930. His parents instill in him many of the values of their traditional finis. He is one of most well-known post colonial writers. He has become re naked as a jaybirded as a father of mo dern African literature. After publishing Things Fall apart(predicate), he became one of the founders of the new Nigerian literature.Achebes important novels are Things fall apart (1959), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964) and A Man of people (1966). His novels are primarily directed to an African audience, but their psychological insights have gained them universal acceptance. His education in English allows him to capture both the European and the African perspectives on colonial expansion, race, religion and culture.1.3. The relevance of the Study in that respect are many writers who have tackled the concept of colonialism in their works. It is customary to read Shakespeares The Tempest as the archetypical important major work to present colonial discourse the way the colonizer and the colonized portrayed in the characters of Prospero and Caliban. In The Tempest, Shakespeares major addition to the story is to discombobulate the island inhabited forwards Prosperos arrived. That single addition turns the adventure story into an allegory of the colonial encounter.There are two ways of representing colonialism in literature. The first-year one is represented by the colonizers point of view the European writers. Those colonial writers are Shakespeare, Defoe, Conard and J.M. Cotezee. Those writers have written plays and novels which deal with the theme of colonialism as Defoes with the them of colonialism as Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719), Corads Heart of Darkness (1902), Carys Mister Johnson ( ) and Cotezees Foe (1986).Those writers overturn a negative picture of Africa in particular and the East in general. Africans are depicted as primitrue, savages, uncivilized, inferior and animal. As a result of this negative representation of Africa in particular and the East, including the Middle East, which is seen as sub-human in general several critics criticized this subject. Among the critics who criticized this subject are Edward Said, Achebe and other African critics like Ngugiwa, Chinwerza and Nkruma. Those African critics picture a theoritcal frame work to examine the representation of the colonized in the literature produced by the writers belonging to the countries of the colonizer. They have re-written the representation of the colonized from non-Euro. centric perspective.So their writing is a mean of re-writing the history, the culture from their hea soish perspective which is inflicted Afro-centric point of view.Saids Orientalism(1978) one of the first works which examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as an inferior people without religion or morals. Saids projects tries to show how knowledge about the non-European was part of the process of maintaining power over them. It also examines the Western attitudes toward the East.In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constru cted by Western literature and not how such construction was received by colonial subjects. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, weak and feminized other. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine.Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994) is another work to explain the complex and the ongoing relationships between the East and the West, the colonizer and the colonized, the ashen and the black. Said specifically addresses the way in which subjugated people are represented within literature and how it has affected not just these people but also the cultures in which they live.Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) is one of the first books to represent the African image from an Afro-centric perspective. This novel is always seen as a response to the image created by Conrad and Cary.In this novel, Achebe writes the story of colonization of the Ibo society from an African point of view. In his essay An I mage of Africa Racism in Heart of Darkness, Achebe views that Conrads treat workforcet of native Africans in Heart of Darkness as racist. Achebe focuses on Conrads treatment of Africa as an other world, an antithesis at Europe and therefore at civilization (9th. In Achebe, 3).Achebe specifically criticizes Conrads racism which is expressed through the excerption of words, ignorance, fiction, comparison and imagery of the writer. Achebe argues that the choice of words Conrad uses is very limited. He repeats words like inscrutable and frenzy too many times and at several occasions. Conrad switch overs these for their synonyms. (Ibid).According to him, the image of darkness pointed in the book is moreover the stereotyped view of Europeans towards African as whole. Achebe believes that Conrad is just pleasing the lecturers by telling them what they sine qua non to hear. In his conclusion, Achebe calls Conrad a bloody racist who mock both African land and African people.1.4. The Met hod of the StudyThis term paper is based on an analytical method. The analysis includes the themes, the characters and the techniques of each novel.Chapter II2.1. The Purpose of the StudyThe principle aims of this research are as followsTo examine the them of colonialism and how its consequences are reflected through Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Conrads Heart of Darkness and Achebes Things fall Apart.To examine how three unalike writers of two different cultures, races, countries and religions represent the colonizer and the colonized in these three novels.To compare and contrast literary pieces written from the point of view of European imperialists and the African/colonized perspectives.To compare and contrast these two negative and positive representations of the colonized (Africa) both as land and people as it was presented in these three novels.2.2. The Significance/ Importance of the StudyChapter III section 1(Defoes Robinson Crusoe)3.1.1. Plot Summary of Defoes Robinson Crusoe fr om the perspective of Colonial DiscourseDefoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) takes place in the certify half of the 17thC. when European companies vied for control and exploitation of colonized lands around the world. Crusoe, the central character, appears to represent his imperialist spirit first when he goes to Guniea, next when he travels to brazil and opens plantation, and finally when he becomes king of an island.Crusoe colonizes the island by building houses, taking Friday as his handmaid after meeting him and refereeing to the mountaineers as his subjects.3.1.2. soul Colonialism in Defoes Robinson Crusoe Analysis of the Theme and the CharactersDefoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) was written when the people of the 18thC. were traveling abroad, discovering new lands and spreading Christianity. They were colonizing lands and imposing their culture and language there. The powerful nation controls the economy, and the territory of a week country. Africa was one of the main colonies of the British Empire and the British were at the centre of power whereas the Other were at the margin of power. In other words, the colonizer suppressed the Other, his language and his culture too.Robinson Crusoe is the second important work to present colonial discourse the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in the figures/ characters of Crusoe, Friday, non whiteman, and Xury, a servant of Crusoe. The roles of Crusoe, Friday, Xury and the mountaineers have been discussed in terms of rules and subjects in close connection to the treatment of those people by Crusoe. Defoes Robinson Crusoe is often read in modern times as an allegory of colonialism, and there is much in the last chapters to defend this view.Fridays subjection, servitude and submission to Crusoe reflects colonial race relations (Defoe 185). This is clear when Crusoe thinks that he is helping Friday by devising him his servant. Moreover, Colonial terms appear when dealing with the host he mountaineers. Cruso e and the Captain terrify them by referring to a fictional governor of the island who depart punish sew severely. This fiction of governor for shadows the very governor who will no doubt be installed on the island til nowtually. Because Crusoe has claimed the territory for England.Indeed, Crusoe refers to this community as my colony in the island, which makes us, the readers, pluck whether he really consider it his own or it is officially a colony or figuratively so.As the novel sheds light upon the theme of colonialism, the reader observes the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in it. In the novel, Crusoe, the central character, is the representative of colonialism whereas Friday is the symbol of the subjects races. Friday is instructed, given language and converted to Christianity, Crusoes religion.Crusoes instructions on Friday are examples of his attitudes towards human beings who he trained to do his work. As a colonizer, Crusoe wants to spread his religion. He refers to Christianity and to the Bible in order to convert Friday to Christianity. Crusoe teaches Friday the word master even in advance teaching him yes or no and lets him know that was to be Crusoes name (Defoe185).Crusoe refers to himself as king over the natives and Europeans, who are his subjects. Moreover, Friday is an example of the self and the other. Crusoe instructs him, gives him language, in order to help him to run his Empire on the island. He is an example of the Other because he is only servant.Pennycook suggest that Colonialism is probably the context without equal of contractions of egotism and Other (200210). We can observe the process of this construction in the dialogues between Crusoe and FridayMaster Well, Friday, and what does your nation do with the men they take? Do they carry them a way and eat them, as these did?Friday yes, my nation eat mans up too eat all up.(Defoe P.192).In such dialogues, we can see the relationship not only between Self and Othe r as constructed by colonialism but also between these and English. Friday has been given a very particular, colonizing English words to expenses his cultural background, besides his speaking in Crusoes own language.Phillispsons discussion (1992) of Crusoes lessons to Friday is one of the earliest instances of English linguistic imperialism which he calls as the locus-classical of the start of English linguistic imperialism to Crusoe, and he has no right to disobey him.Phillipson states that Crusoes-Fridays relationship reflects the racial structure of Western society at the hey day of slavery (P.109). Phillipson sees Crusoe as the epitome of imperialist slavery, i.e. a key figure in the European attempt to gain political and economic mastery over the super areas of the world. According to Brantlinger, what Crusoe cants master- or get to call him master- he sees only as savagery and desert island. (1990P.2).Crusoes relationship with Friday comes in several layers. At one point in t he novel, Crusoe refers to Fridays people as blinded, ignorant pagans (Defoe170). The relationship between them is like that between Crusoe and Xury. Earlier, Crusoe has told Xury that if he will be faithful to him, he will make him a great man. As shortly as the Captain offers 60 pieces of gold for Exury, Crusoe accepts it and sells him for the sake of economic gain. Crusoe stands for the colonizer who occupies the other countries under the pretext that he educates and develops the nation.Crusoe, as a colonizer, changes Fridays language, religion, habits, culture and even his name. This is how the colonizer imposes his own language, religion, culture and identity on the occupied nations. The banishment of Fridays religions beliefs emphasizes the colonization theme.Crusoes attitude towards Friday is reflected in his rendering. His attitude is that of a master-servant. He requires a issue subservience and faith fullness from Friday. Crusoe looks upon Friday as a creature when he w ill care for, giving him water, food and clothing. Crusoe does not even try to check into Friday actual name which shows the European supremacy theme in the novel. Crusoe gives Friday his name as he has done with his parrot, Poll.Regarding the Euro-centric attitude of the time, Defoe ensures that Friday is not Crusoes equal in the novel. Friday is distinctly a servant and inferior in rank, power and respect. Crusoes vocabulary reveals much about how he imagines his role on the island. He starts to describe himself as commander in chief of an army with Friday as his lieutenant-general.At the very opening of the novel, he is a mere castaway but towards the end, he openly refers to himself as a interior(a) leader of military forces. We sense how deeply ingrained Crusoes imagined national role as a king of this island when he refers to his new guests as his subjects.Friday is probably the first non white character to be given a realistic, individualized and human portrayal in the En glish novel. Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance. If Crusoe represents the first colonial mind in fiction, then Friday represents not only a Caribbean tribes man but also all the natives of Asia, Africa, and America who would later be crush in the age of European colonialism.When Crusoe teaches Friday to call him master, Friday becomes an enduring political symbol of racial injustice in modern world and critical of imperialist expansion. novel rewritings of the story of Crusoe, like Cotezees Foe and Tourniers Friday, emphasize the consequences of Crusoes failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tales might be told very different from the natives perspective. In any case, Crusoe has turned his story of one mans survival into a political tale replete with its own ideas about imperialism.In short, it is not surprising that contemporary readers regard Defoes novel as the prototypical colonial novel of the 18thC. if not in all of English literature. To conclude, this novel is not only a reflection of colonialist practices, but part of large discourse concerned with the colonial customs of the British Empire.3.1.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Defoes Robinson CrusoeDefoe combines many narrative methods in Robinson Crusoe to make the novel authentic and realistic. These techniques are narration (point of view), the use of irony, attention to details, symbols and the use of dates and names of places. Robinson Crusoe is both the vote counter and the main character of the novel. He narrates the story in both the first and the deuce-ace person, presenting only what he himself observes. He describes his feelings occasionally but only when they are over whelming. He usually favors a more factual narrative bearing focused on actions and events.Another important narrative device is the use of symbols and irony. As for the symbols, the author uses three symbols like the foot soft touch, the cross and the bower. The foot print stands for Crusoes conflicted feelings about human companionship in whole he interprets it negatively as the print of all the devil. The cross symbolizes Crusoes new existence on the island and the power stands for the radical improvement in Crusoes attitude toward his time on the island.As for the irony, it is a literary device for Defoe. There are several examples of its use in the novel, but the best example are the discovery of the foot print and the warning of Crusoes father. First, Crusoe ignores his fathers adviceif he goes abroad, he will be the most miserable poor devil that was ever born, (Defoe. P.4)Second, Crusoe wishes for human beings to come because he was alone, but when he sees the foot print of a naked man, he is afraid. Crusoe comments on this ironyHow strange a checker work of providence is the life of a man. Today we love what tomorrow we hate straight off we seek what tomorrow we shun today we desire what tomorrow we fear. (Defoe P140).The third narrative technique is t he use of a circumstantial method which tells us not only what Crusoe did but how he did it. There are numerous examples of the uses of details such as Crusoes project in raising of the crops of barley and rice on the island, killing the gouts and making a sieve, and the description of the ship wrecks and Crusoes adventures. Such details produce the effect of realism. The last method is the use of dates and geographical place-names. All of these devices add to the realistic effect of the novel.Chapter Three piece Three Achebes Things Fall Apart3.3.1. Plot Summary of Things Fall Apart from the perspective of Colonial Discourse.Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) traces the life in the Ibo village of Umuofia just before and after its initial make with European colonialists and their Christian religion. The novel is divided into three parts the first part deals with the life of the Ibo people before the arrival of the while man, illustrating various aspects of Ibos way of life.The seco nd part deals with Okonkwos exile and the arrival of the missionaries and the effect of their arrival, including the conversation of Nwoye to Christianity. The third part deals with the effects of the white mans religion, education, power, laws and economics on the tribes culture.The first signs of colonization come to Abame when the first white man appears. He is killed by the people of Abame on the order of the Oracle who tells them that the white man would be soon followed by others and he would destroy their way of life. As a result, the village has been destroyed by other white men. During Okonkwos exile, the white man comes to both Umuofia and Mbanta and wins many converts. When Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, he finds that life begins to change. Therefore, he stands up to the colonizers in an attempt to protect his culture. When he kills a British messenger, Okonkwo realizes that he stands alone, and he hangs himself.3.3.2. Understanding Colonialism in Things Fall Apart Analysis of the Theme and the CharactersAchebes Things Fall Apart relates the story of disintegration falling apart of an African society that came in contact with Western values as a result of the colonization. The novel explores the coming of the white man and its effects on the culture of the people of Umuofia.The coming of the white man brought about culture conflict which affects the people of Umuofias religion, their agriculture, their judicial system and their social life. The collapse of a society that was strongly united is told through the story of Okonkwo and the village Umuofia. The novel shows the general disintegration of this culture when it is attacked by another culture.The incursion of the colonizer is changing every aspect of the Ibo society such as religion, family structure, gender roles, relations and trade. The colonizers bring language, religion, education, commerce, government and law to Umuofia which are unquestionably disruptive. Okonkwo, the representative of the Ibo culture, realizes that the white man has been too successful in his ways to change the tribes ways. He grieves the loss of his tribe and the life he once knew.Okonkwo feels betrayed by his son who joins the white missionaries and his lan who have not stood up against the white intruders. The arrival of the white man and his culture heralds the death of the Ibo culture. The while man does not honor the tribes customs and strives to convince the tribes men that their ways are better. As a result of colonialism, the tribe is split, pitting brother against brother and father against son. Many of the tribes leaders have joined the missionaries and the tribal beliefs and customs are being ignored. Okonkwos final act of resistance exemplifies how Africans and other colonized people have courageously resisted colonialism instead of passively accepting it.In Things Fall Apart, the representatives of the colonizer are Mr. brownness, Mr. smith and the District commissioner and the colon ized are Okonkwo and the entire Ibo society.Achebe gives the reader a dramatic contrast between the first white missionary Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith who replaces him. As his name suggests, Mr. Brown is able to navigate successfully the racial division between the colonizer and the colonized. Mr. Brown appears reasonable, respectful, kind, patient and an open-minded man who is willing to make effort to respect and understand the Ibo beliefs. Mr. Brown succeeds in winning a large number of converts because he listens to the villagers stories, beliefs, and opinions. He be friends many great men of the lan and discusses religious beliefs with them. He accepts the converts unconditionally. Mr. Brown is the most influential character in the novel who does not encourage the conflict between the old and the new faith.Mr. Brown realizes that the direct attack with Ibo is useless. Therefore, he adapts a very clever policy by building a school, hospital and finally a church. Achebe statesIn this way Mr. Brown learnt a good deal about the religion of the lan and he came to the conclusion that a fro natal attack on it would not success. (Achebe 163).Then he asks the people to send their children to the school and argues that the leaders of Umuofia will be men and women who can read and write. It is Mr. Brown who warns them that strangers like the District commissioner will come from other places to rule them.Actually, Mr. Brown is a man who loves peace and respects the traditional culture. So there was no conflict between the Ibo culture and the Western culture during his period. He has a real interest in the welfare of the Ibo people. As an individual, he is a good representative of his society. Mr. Brown stands for the lustrous side of the colonizer.Another representative of the colonizer is Reverend Smith who replaces Mr. Brown as the new head of the Christian Church. Mr. Smith is strict and uncompromising, the opposite of Mr. Brown who was kind and compassionate. Unlike Mr. brown, Mr. Smith encourages people to hate the traditional people and their religion. Mr. Smith is the stereotypical white colonist. He has no respect for the culture or the traditions of the Ibo.Mr. Smith remains ignorant of all the traditions and therefore has no hope of being respected enough. Mr. Smith thinks he is superior and others are inferior. Mr. Smith sees things as black and white and black is evil. (Achebe 166).Smiths black and white thinking leads to the destruction of the church and the clash between both cultures. As a result of this new missionary, the Christians attack the Ibo belief and culture and insult the tribes traditional customs. One of their victims Okonkwo, whose return co-insides with the arrival of Mr. Smith, the new faith divide father from son. Smiths policy and treatment of the Ibo people show that the colonialist system is more primitive than the Ibo system.The District Commissioner is another figure of the colonizer. He seems more inhuman beca use he takes interest in Okonkwos suicide only because it will give him a new material for his book. He decides to title his book The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger.This decision demonstrates his knowledge about African as primitive and his inability to recognize how he has brought violence instead of peace to the Lower Niger. By concluding his novel with the District Commissioners misinterpretation and misinterpretation writing of the scene of colonial encounter, Achebe suggests that his novel is not simply about the colonial encounter between two different cultures. By drawing the attention to the District Commissioners erroneous sense of history. Achebe reminds the realer that the Western descriptions of Africa have largely been written by men like the District Commissioner. Consequently, Things Fall Apart seek to crystalise such erroneous historical records by retelling African history from an African perspective.In brief, Achebes Things Fall Apart ill ustrates what happened to the Ibo society at the time of its colonization by the British and how the colonialism affects the Ibo in many different ways their religion, family, children and their dead. Achebe describes what happens when different cultures works against each other. Now he the white man has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us tpgether and we have Fallen apart. (Achebe 160).In this lines Oberika seems to voice Achebes own horizon on colonialism. Okonkwos suicide at the end of the novel represents the end of the Clans ancient way of life because he represents the clansman.3.3.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Achebes Things Fall ApartAchebe uses a number of techniques un Things Fall Apart such as the mixture between English language and Ibo vocabularies, use of proverbs and sept tales, symbolism, use of similes and metaphors, comparisons and contrasts and the shift from present tense to past and again to present.The first method that Achebe uses is to develop a hybrid language that mixes Ibo and English words by introducing numerous African terms thought the novel like Chie (personal God-Fate), Obi (hut), Agbala (a man without title) and Osu (outcast). Achebe uses English language as a model of communication between people and to convince the Europeans that Nigeria is a nation with great potential. Achebe uses his language to draw the readers attention to his own language. Another important method is the use if Ibo proverbs as well as traditional folk tales which bring to life the oral culture of Ibo and indicate their intelligence, knowledge, morals, the strong religion and the culture of the country.Early in the novel, Achebe says if a child washed his hands, he could eat with the kings. Referring to Okonkwo (Achebe8). This implies that if Nigerians washed their hands, the country could be just as important as Britian.The third method is Achebes use of similes and met aphors to bring the narrative to life and his use of different kinds of comparisons that are related to the Ibo experience as proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten. (Achebe 6). The novel is developed in terms of comparison and contrast between the characters like the comparisons between father and son Unoka and Okonkwo and between friends like Nwoye and Ikemefuna, Unoka and Okoye Oberika and Okonkwo.Fourth, Achebe provides considerable detail about many aspects of traditional African life like family and clan relation, ceremonies and rituals, social structure (gender relations), political and religions practices and the role of nature in their world.This digression helps the reader to understand the daily activities and religious beliefs of the Ibo people. Achebe shifts from present to past then to present while describing the events and the characters.The best method is the narrative voice. May critics see Things fall Apart as a book with two narrative voices the tra ditional which dominates the first two/third of the book, and the modern which takes over the last third. Other critics see the book as narrated by a single narrator, whose tone changes and adopts overtime. The narrator mediates between the individual and the community, between the present and the past. All the previous devices make the novel authentic and realistic.3.3.4. Comparisons and Contrasts between these three textsConrads Heart of Darkness, Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Acheb

Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy Essay

Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy EssayThe concept of kindness has been a central concern to individuals and communities by bring out history. Present in theological ideas, the concept of releaseness is widespread and has greatly influenced our moral attitudes towards one a nonher and how we react when we have been offended . The standard definition in the Oxford side of meat Dictionary for lenity states may be forgiven, pardonable, excusable (Hughes, 2010). However, by merely pardoning or excusing the offender, without them taking accountpower for their action, can dismiss the moral substance and psychological emotions of the victim.I shall argue, with reference to Charles Griswolds book Forgiveness A Philosophical Exploration, that the service of leniency is restorative. Forgiving has the ability to reunite a relationship discontinue by roundones wrongdoing as well as aid in letting go ones negative feelings and hostility towards the offender. I provide explor e Bishop Butlers substantiateing of benevolence, which is incompatible with my view of leniency. thusly I shall argue that forgiveness is only possible when qualified on repentance. I shall propose prof Griswolds conditions which need to be fulfilled in order for forgiveness to be completely satisfied, whilst providing a counterexample in stomach of those who forgive unconditionally. Ultimately, I forget conclude in support of conditional forgiveness as I would have demonstrated how unconditional forgiveness can understate the moral significance of the victim as well as the moral importance of the action.Bishop Joseph Butler understands forgiveness as the forswearing of choler (Murphy, 1988, p.1). He treats temper as scandalisation due to a moral wrong to oneself. According to Butler, forgiveness is compatible with some degree of continuous rage towards the wrongdoer for their action. Therefore, forswearing bile does not require giving up every negative feeling associated with the injurious event (Griswold,2007,p.41) He argues instead, moderated resentment is necessary as it helps us to recognize the take of injury caused to us whilst similarly serving as a suitable response towards the wrongdoer for their action. For Butler, resentment is not inconsistent with goodwill and we may wherefore love our enemy (Griswold, 2007, p.36) despite their actions towards us. Thus it passms Bishop Butler does not require the offender to meet conditions to gain the victims forgiveness, Because we be in need of forgiveness, consistency demands that we be forgiving of others.(Griswold, 2007, p.36).However, claiming to have forgiven your wrongdoer whilst holding a proportionate amount of resentment towards them seems counter-intuitive. I feel that in order to fully forgive someone, resentment has to be overcome in order to rid any(prenominal) hostility, moral hatred, and negative feelings towards the offender. Forgiveness benefits the wrongdoers as well as the v ictim, helping them to alleviate offense and blame, thereby helping them to move forward in their lives and not reoffend. If resentment is consistent with goodwill, as Butler argues it is, the transit is compromised and forgiveness for neither persons cannot be achieved. Instead, the injurer should take a shit a conscious effort to ensure forgiveness is fulfilled, which requires attempting to abolish any resentment the victim bears towards them. If not, the victim has to accept they have been wronged and begin to deal with the infliction of their injury, psychologically and physically, without the satisfaction of knowing their offender has repented for their action. Bishop Butler thus understates the importance of forgiveness as a process the victim must go through to overcome their resentment and psychological hostility. Forgiveness should require modifying and changing ones moral judgements approximately the offender, through a process which makes them deserving of the victi ms compassion. Without this process the emotional complexity of forgiveness is lost.Unlike Butler, Charles Griswold argues that forgiveness aims to relinquish resentment whilst ensuring the offender is held accountable. He believes that although forgiveness is generally good and admirable there are helping which prohibit giving forgiveness to the offender, especially when the offender is unrepentant of their sins. For Griswold, forgiveness is not meant as a therapeutic program (Griswold, 2007, p.54) instead the conditions he outlines are conditions of a moral nature (Griswold,2007, p.54) meant to alter ones moral judgments of a person, and help to improve the victims view of the wrongdoer. Once these conditions have been met the offender is entitled to forgiveness from the victim (Griswold, 2007, p.47) On this view, forgiveness cannot be seen as a gift to the offender (Griswold, 2007, p.67) which is given freely without having met certain criteria which repudiates ones wrong doing. Forgiveness is therefore conditional on repentance otherwise it would collapse into forgetting, or excusing, or rationalisation. (Griswold, 2007, p.46).Professor Griswold believes forgiveness requires reciprocity between injurer and hurt (Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) which can be achieved through grateful the six conditions he outlines.Firstly, it is important that the wrongdoer takes responsibility for their action,Secondly, ensure they repudiate the deed,Third, regret their action,Fourth, commit to being a better person,Fifth, show understanding from the injured persons perspective,and lastly, offer a history of why they are honourable of the victims forgiveness by showing they are committed to changing their slipway ,as well as committing to fully letting go of resentment. (Griswold, 2007, pp.48 52) These conditions, when fulfilled, will reunite mutual respect and acknowledgment between the wrongdoer and aid in the return to the minimal state of civility before the injury was t hrough (Griwold, 2007, p.49).However, Griswold argues forgiveness is only possible if the offender has require virtuously changed through skirmish these conditions (Griswold, 2007, p.49). Conditional forgiveness is necessary as forgiving the offender without requiring anything from them conveys to them, and the rest of the public, they are not responsible for their action. If the offender is unrepentant of their sins, they have not been morally changed, and for that reason we would not know if the offender would recommit their wrongdoing in the future. Unconditional forgiveness denies all requirements for the offender to take responsibility for their action or essay to repudiate their wrongdoing. Therefore I feel it downplays the moral significance of the event as it fails to endorse the extent of the offenders moral wrongdoings. It also allows the offender to dismiss the harm to the victim which denies them respect for the wrongdoing against them. If the offender takes responsi bility for their action and commits to becoming a better person, then they become worthy of the victims forgiveness.In agreement with Griswold, I feel forgiveness should only be given once the offender repents for their sins. Without doing so, it adds insult to the injury so far as the victim is concerned (Griswold, 2007, p.49). In fulfilling the conditions of forgiveness, the offender comes to understand and accept what morality requires of him. If he does not, the wrongdoer may never understand the moral significance of the act, computer simulation the injustice upon the victim does not carry any importance. .The conditions Professor Griswold outlines aim to show that forgiveness should not be freely given as a gift. The conditions are important because a wrong should not be disregarded, and if forgiveness is unconditional, the offender carries no moral weight for their action. Overcoming resentment and being able to forgive the offender may end psychological discomfort the victi m longed for, only achievable through the repentance of the offender. Katie Hutchinson from Victoria Island Canada in the end found peace after her husbands killer confessed to the murder 4 years later and apologised to her. Only then was she able to forgive him and begin her healing process which finally allowed her to let go of the moral hatred which grew inside her. Similarly, it allowed her husbands killer to understand the extent of his crime as he had the opportunity to straight off relate to his victims hurt and anger. Forgiveness was conditional on his apology and confession which due to this, both parties psychologically benefitted. Forgiveness said nothing less about her feelings towards her husband, or how profound his murder was, it became an opportunity to create a new and hopeful beginning (Hutchinson, 2011). The murderer was not let off the moral crochet and the moral significance of the action remained a crucial feature in their lives. As the offender did not dema nd forgiveness or had been given it freely as a gift, the victims self-respect was maintained, which like Griswold, I feel is lost in unconditional forgiveness.On this account of forgiveness, the moral significance of the action was not down contend, and the self respect of the victim was maintained. The offender takes responsibility for their actions but also begins to amend the harm caused. Giving up resentment through a process in which the perpetrator satisfys conditions seems a necessary requirement in achieving forgiveness as an end, especially if the offender is alive and willing to repent. Thus conditional forgiveness avoids the main objections which apply to unconditional forgiveness. But, what happens with the offender is deceased or unrepentant? Should forgiveness still be conditional?Professor Griswold argues that if the forgiveness is unconditional, the intrinsically interpersonal character of forgiveness is lost (Griswold, 2007, p.64). I accept this assertion on the gr ounds that as there is no award to face interaction in the process, the victim may not gain full satisfaction from forgiving unconditionally. Yet Griswold allows forgiveness to be granted to the deceased without having carried out his six conditions. Forgiveness is possible if you are able to plausibly construct a scenario of what that person would do if you were to meet in the circumstances where they were repentant for their wrongdoing. Constructing a narrative on the reasons for forgiving the offender and why they deserve forgiveness may involve gathering data (Griswold, 2007, p.120) of why that person acted as they had done or indicate issues in the offenders past which caused or influenced them to commit this offence. Once understood, the victim can come to feel respected and let go of any resentment they may have towards the offender (Griswold, 2007, p.121). Once the victim sees the forgiver in a new light, forgiveness can truly be fulfilled. Forgiveness, in this case, may be lacking or imperfect relative to the paradigm,(Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) however, this does not rule out the central role forgiveness plays in letting go the negative feelings and resentment one may hold against the offender.On the contrary, there are several non-paradigmatic cases in which unconditional forgiveness is essential in the intrinsic process of psychological recovery. A counter- example to Griswolds conditional forgiveness can be demonstrated through the unconditional forgiveness given by the Pennsylvanian confederacy. On May 16th 2007, 32 students were shot dead by a former student whilst many others were severely wounded on the campus of Virginia technical school University, USA. Before committing suicide, the former Virginia tech student had sent a manifesto to NBC news which stated that he believed his injurious and merciless act was benefitting the community in some way. Shortly after the shooting ended, the hurt was felt universally. A candle lighting memorial cer emony was conducted and thousands of people flocked together in support of those who were killed. Shockingly, amongst the tears and sorrow, banners were held by parents and students stating we forgive you.Surely this forgiveness would deny the self respect and moral dignity of the victims? I argue against Griswold, demonstrating that there are circumstances which unconditional forgiveness does not collapse into reproach. Although not always desirable, it is possible to forgive someone whilst continuing to pronounce indignation towards the offender, especially if this gives them psychological apathy through doing so. The Pennsylvanian community should not be regarded as weak or rationally deficient for forgiving the killer, instead they should be appraised and admired for their love and ability to forgive in such difficult circumstances. Although Griswold suggests to forgive someone undeserving of the honour, under the banner of a gift, may condone the wrong-doer, and even provide encouragement to more offenses (Griswold, 2007, p.63) he fails to consider those who do not condone their actions and will continue to voice their anger towards such crimes against humanity. Forgiving unconditionally may be a difficult thing to do, but letting go of psychological hatred whilst fighting for justice is possible. Unconditional forgiveness is compatible with outright condemnation of the wrongdoing and a determination to fight against it, and thus with maintaining self-respect (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.6) If the wrongdoing is not overlooked, and the full extent of the crime is widely understood and not downplayed, I feel no reason to contest against the satisfaction the injured party gains through forgiving unconditionally. It is a personal option, experienced by only the person giving it. Thus Griswolds line is unsound. He cannot dictate to those who forgive unconditionally their forgiveness is flawed, as he does not know or understand their reasoning for for giving. Whether someone deserves forgiveness is completely subjective and questionable. He makes a generalisation which is not necessarily true. If forgiving unconditionally allows the victim to overcome resentment and their negative emotions, then so be it.Forgiving the offender can sometimes only be possible if the forgiveness is given without requirements. In the foregoing example the killer thought he was doing good, so carrying out Griswolds six conditions in which a scenario with the killer is imagined, would in this case, lead to further anger, resentment and moral hatred, instead of abolishing these negative emotions. Unconditional forgiveness is needed for the same reasons Professor Griswold gives for reciprocal forgiveness. Without unconditional forgiveness how would we re-establish trust in man-kind, ensuring we do not lose hope or happiness for the future after such tragic losses? There are positive reasons for forgiving even the unrepentant. vindictiveness and moral h atred are minimised whilst a sense of human solidarity increases.Gerrard and McNaughton strongly endorse this view of unconditional forgiveness, reason that as we are members of the same species, in a shared human community, like a shared membership of a family, provides reason alone for forgiveness (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.10). They defend their view by arguing that if we are to produce a sense of commonality, we have to realise that sometimes circumstances are difficult, and if circumstances would have been less favourableI might have become the kind of person who acted in this way (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.11) Monstrous as the perpetrators may be, they still share the same characteristics as us. The human condition is sometimes fragile, good manipulated, or clouded by false information and judgments leading us to act in terrible ways. But in some cases it is possible to see how the offender came to be or act in that way. Griswold does, to some extent, endorse thi s view in his conditional forgiveness for the deceased. He suggests by constructing a narrative about the offender, it is possible to find an indication why they have committed the offence (Griswold, 2007, p.121). In the example of the University shootings, it was soon discovered that the student had several mental disorders which triggered him to act irrationally and violently. Although his actions should not be condoned, based on the presence of a mental disorder, it does somehow allow us to understand the killer, and alleviate some of the anger and resentment we have towards him. If we somehow put ourselves in his shoes, perhaps we can relate to his sorrow, misery and anger towards the world. We all have the capacity to morally wrong someone, and if circumstances were different we too would be in need of forgiveness. (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, 11)I do not deny the fact the killer was deceased played an important part in the communitys ability to forgive unconditionally. Had t he killer been alive, I doubt they would have given their forgiveness so pronto without his repentance. Nonetheless, unconditional forgiveness has allowed them to relieve hostile feelings, reconcile their trust in man-kind, maintain self-respect and ensure the moral significance of the action was maintained. If we take forgiveness to be a process which the injured party must go through in order to overcome negative emotions, then unconditional forgiveness has the ability to do so. To recall Griswolds argument, condoning the crimes of the unrepentant would demonstrate to others they are not accountable for their actions. By forswearing revenge and committing to let go of resentment, the Pennsylvanian community hardly demonstrated to others that by committing such crimes you will not be held responsible. They do not condone his actions and never will. If the killer were alive they would have demanded justice. permit go of your anger does not let the offender off the moral hook. Thus, I have shown unconditional forgiveness does not necessarily collapse into condemnation.I shall note that Griswolds approach to the topic is secular. Although he focuses on secular forgiveness he does not deny the widespread role of forgiveness in Christian and Judaic narrative. For people who are religious, the process of forgiveness can be easier and less complicated as their religion requires they be forgiving no matter what. Religious forgiveness about believes, having faith in God, yourself and man-kind. It is difficult to interpret whether Gods forgiveness is conditional or unconditional as this view differs amongst spectators. I do however argue that whether forgiveness is conditional or unconditional, forgiveness is always good and admirable. The benefits one gains from forgiving are more important than the process one goes through in order to get to the desired end.Whether or not forgiveness should be conditional ultimately lies with the determination of the injured person . Both conditional forgiveness and unconditional forgiveness have benefits which help re-establish a relationship harmed by someones wrongdoing. However, I do support Professor Griswolds argument that when the offender is alive, and unrepentant, he is not worthy of your forgiveness. But, this does not mean that forgiveness should not be granted, if in doing so, allows you to let go of the psychological hatred which consumes you. Unconditional forgiveness certainly has the same benefits of reciprocal conditional forgiveness. It does however seem a common type of forgiveness given more readily when the perpetrator is deceased. Enmity and abomination are far worse than human solidarity and peacefulness. Generally speaking, if the offender is alive, forgiveness should be conditional on the offenders repentance otherwise it is possible the moral significance of the victim and moral importance of the event is understated. If however, the perpetrator is deceased Professor Griswolds argumen t no longer suffices. Everyone has their own reasons to forgive but if forgiveness is to be truly fulfilled and satisfied, the offender should, at the very minimum, take responsibility for their actions and try to repudiate their wrongdoing.

Power of Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Essay

The Power of Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave GirlHarriet Jacobs, in the preface to her book, wrote I do earnestly desire to displace the women of the North to a realizing sense of the condition of two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what I suffered, and most of them far worse. I want to furnish my testimony to that of abler pens to convince the people of the Free States what Slavery really is (335). With this statement, Jacobs specified her purpose for writing and her intended audience. This insight gives readersan understanding of why she chose to accept what she did in her story as well as why she chose to exclude other details. Although this work is presented as a narrative of her own life circumstances, there were many another(prenominal) occasions when she described conditions of which she was not directly involved. For example, she entitled one chapter Sketches of Neighboring Slaveholders and dedicated this section to describing s ome of the horrifying experiences of other slaves... ... demon that possessed the South, moreover she held the people of the free states accountable for their contributions in upholding slavery through their own laws that mandated the return of runaway slaves as well as their inaction against slavery. Her decision to include what she did while excluding other enumerations was very effective in arguing her point. Works Cited Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, jr. New York Mentor, 1987.

TV News :: essays research papers

TV NewsI started mowing lawns in my neighborhood when I was only 12. It was the only way I could rate money in my pocket. I had several yards and I usually started early Saturday morning and worked right through ab come in midday. There is something euphoric about mowing a lawn. It really gives you lots of time to think about almost anything. It was while doing this that I came across my love for TV. I remember mowing the yards one Saturday after my missy and I had broken up. It was all I could do to keep it off my mind. I started thinking that there had to be other people my age out there with problems and then I wondered how do other teenagers solve their problems. I thought about it and decided that if they didnt know a way I was going to come up with one. So I came up with the idea of a teen talk show and pitched it to the manager of the government admission station here in town. Teen Link was the name of the show and we discussed everything from breaking up with your signi ficant other to dealing with the loss of a love one. Although the show is no dourer in production it really allowed me to get my feet wet in what was going to be the start of a hopefully long and prosperous career in broadcasting.Working for a news station now I realize how far government TV was from the reality of TV news but a career in news can be particularly exciting. The variety of the handicraft, the gratification of communicating to thousands of people, the fast paced atmosphere makes the job not only exciting but extremely demanding.In general people dont realize how many people it takes to put on a single newscast. Often times it takes a crew of 10 or 12 to make the news come alive. The most coveted position though out of all of those jobs is anchor. The anchor, or broadcast news analyst, analyze, and interpret news and deliver then news, introduce packages and live reports from reporters in the field. Although it looks like they have it made they probably have one of th e toughest jobs in the station. In general the runtyer the market is the more work an anchor is going to do. In small markets they will write and produce most of the newscast, as well as the teases and promo spots you see before the afternoon and late night newscasts.

The system I am designing for MR Cork can be done by using many :: Computer Science

The scheme I am designing for MR bobtail buns be d sensation by using manydifferent solutions. The different solutions and both their good andbad points are mentioned below.Possible SolutionsSolution for current systemAfter reviewing the way in which the current system operates in theanalysis section, I believe that by organising the current diarysystem and making it much organised would be a major benefit to MrCork. A folder of customer tips can be implemented into the systemand would store such in produceationcustomer details, including phone numbers, addresses and any otherrelevant information required by Mr Cork. Information on bookings madeby customers can in addition be stored in these files and the cost of thejobs as well in order for bills and receipts to be produced moreefficiently and accurately.Advantages- The system and the process of customer detail storage is more organised leading to it being more efficient.- End drug user will not need to learn any special computing device skills or go through any computer training in order to benefit form this solution.- This solution would add minimal additional cost to the end user as no specific machinery is needed for it to be implemented.Disadvantages As documents are being stored in manual files and in the form of base work and not stored on a computer database or spreadsheet then the end user may have an overload of paper documents especially if Mr. Cork holds many customers details. This approach does not really modernise MR Corks approach to doing things more efficiently. Talking in terms of speed and organisation is still not as efficient as a computerised system. Computer system would give the company a better image.Solution using Microsoft AccessMicrosoft access is a form of relational database management system. Adatabase can be defined as a collection of data which can be sharedamongst different applications. As a result of this electronic datastore relationships between data entities can be formed. When twodifferent entities can be related to one another a link can be made.As a result of this data redundancy is minimalised, which involvesrepeating data. By using Microsoft access the user is able to producereports forms and tables as well.Advantages. Developing or modifying the data stored in Microsoft Access can be done much easier than if database was conducted manually.- Reports can be in any case be added, modified, or new ones created based on already existing data.- The way in which data is added to the database is reasonably easy

The Poverty and Obesity Epidemic Essay -- Poor, Obesity

In the get together States, as of 2001, 34% of the population was overweight. (Townsend)Overweight and obesity would seem to be problems associated with the United States wealth andmore than sufficient food supply. Much attention in recent years has been gainful to slewbecoming more physically fit and changing their diets to become healthier. Gastric bypasssurgery has become a popular choice for people trying to overcome extreme obesity. Theoperation limits food intake by creating a narrow passage from the upper part of the stomachinto the larger turn away part, reducing the amount of food the stomach can hold and slowing thepassage of food through the stomach. (NIDDK) The presence of this emphasis on health and nutriment would seem to be the solution to our nations obesity problem. However of thepopulation with moderate food insecurity, 52% were overweight. (Townsend) Food insecurityexists when the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquireac ceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain. Over half of the UnitedStates population with a threat of hunger is overweight. Why would obesity be more prevalentamongst this group of people with fewer resources? fast and surgery do not address the problems of the economic groups with the mostsevere weight and nutrition problems. Surgery is expensive, and people with limited resourcesare not credibly to buy expensive health foods when there are cheaper alternatives that satisfyhunger. The Dollar Menu at McDonalds is certainly less expensive than preparing a wellbalancedmeal. other reason for obesity in lower income groups is a theory called the foodstamp cycle hypothesis. Food stamps and most paych... ...urity and Obesity in Rural Womenhttp//ruralwomenshealth.psu.edu/s05_colson-cbove.htmltrade union movement Force for the Bishops Initiative on Children and Poverty. Community with Children andthe Poor. Nashville, Tennessee Cokesbury, 2003.Townsend, Marilyn S., Janet Peerson, Bradley Love, cheryl Achterberg, and Suzanne P. Murphy(2001). Food Insecurity is Positively Related to Overweight in Women. Journal ofNutrition, 131, 1738-1745. The American Society for nutritional Sciences.http//www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/6/1738U.S. Conference of Mayors Seduxho USA. Hunger and Homelessness Survey 2004. 3-5,42http//www.usmayors.org/uscm/hungersurvey/2004/onlinereport/HungerAndHomelessnessReport2004.pdfWeil, Andrew. Eating Well for Optimum Health. new(a) York Random House, 2000.Willet, Walter C. Eat Drink and Be Healthy. New york Simon & Schuster, 2001.