Stereotyping a Stereotype Essay Example for Free

Stereotyping a Stereotype Essay Junot Diaz’s â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† seems to play into and highlight the racial stereotypes that affect the way Americans see each other; however, Diaz is in fact working to show that even people who believe they understand the full extent of stereotypes, especially men, find themselves subordinate to the ones they are stereotyping. In this story, Diaz shows how female stereotypes actually control the actions of a males seeking intimacy. The man will revert to basic instinct and base his decisions on a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person. The short story focuses its instruction on the ultimate goal of reaching physical intimacy with a girl, but illustrates the definitely different courses of action necessary to take depending on what ethnicity the target girl is. This is where Diaz proves that even by mastering the â€Å"predicted† behavior of females through racial stereotypes, the male while appearing to have control of the situation is actually lower than the female. The text has an almost aggressive tone is used to show that the author clearly knows what he is talking about in terms of girls. This tone adds serious credibility to the author and makes the instruction all the more believable. Instead of using phrases such as â€Å"I would recommend,† â€Å"I think,† or â€Å"I believe,† Diaz uses the imperative and says â€Å"Clear the government cheese from the refrigerator,† â€Å"Leave yourself a reminder to get it out,† and, â€Å"Hide the pictures of yourself with an Afro† (Diaz 143). This forceful use of language is more believable and it creates a sense of power, superiority, and confidence in the reader because he is apparently taking instruction from an expert. After all, the reader using these instructions is looking to maximize his chances of getting anything from a â€Å"Kiss,† to a â€Å"Girl just [giving] it up right then† (Diaz 147). Diaz first points out that the reader should be aware of his own social class and ethnicity. The last thing the reader wants to do is foil his chances of achieving intimacy with his date by ignoring potentially embarrassing pictures or icons of a lower social class that would not impress the girl. Such things as the notorious â€Å"Government cheese† or the â€Å"basket with all the crapped-on toilet paper† definitely want to be hidden away (Diaz 143, 144). By doing these small things, the reader is putting himself at an advantage by leaving no room for the date to find weakness in him. If the date cannot find anything embarrassing, the reader is in control of the situation. According to Casey S. Torstenson in her article â€Å"You Don’t Know Me,† she says â€Å"To follow the advice of this story will, in all likelihood, get the [reader] closer to some form of physical intimacy, but this intimacy will be the result of a carefully manipulated†¦ impression he creates for his date, rather than the more inherent and objective truths of who he truly is† (Torstenson). This statement means that by hiding anything potentially incriminating, the male has a better shot at getting intimate with the girl, but that he is defying the age old saying that every set of parents say to their kids, â€Å"Just be yourself. † Diaz proves my argument in this section because the reader, although seemingly in control of the situation, is forced to manipulate it in a way that is pleasing to the girl, not to him. Diaz does not suggest anywhere in the text that the reader should do what he might find appealing, instead, the only positive thing in the text for the reader is the ultimate possibility of a hook-up. If the reader manipulates a situation based on stereotypes (ie where to take the girl to dinner depends on what the color of her skin is) he is subordinate to the girl because he has to play his cards just right in order to get what he wants. The date is in complete control because every decision the reader makes is based on what the girl will do, not what the reader wants. In doing so â€Å"Diaz emphasizes the way in which the social forces of race and class undercut both individuality and objectivity† and make the reader subordinate to his date (Torstenson). After the reader establishes his own security, it is then his responsibility to prepare for the evening. Diaz establishes that the first thing to do, no matter the race of the girl is to say hello to the mother. Once again, the author instructs the reader to inadvertently give up control. The entire purpose of saying hello to the mother is to impress her and to come across as a gentleman. Saying hello does not benefit the reader at all nor does it make his chances of getting with the girl any better. He merely says hello to come across as somebody he is not, boosting his facade, tearing down his true character, and once again putting the date in power. After the introduction is over, the reader must take the girl to dinner. This part of the story is intriguing because depending on what race the girl is determines where there is to go. The local girls (Hispanic and black) can be taken to El Cibao, only so that the reader can impress them with his Spanish or give them the chance to correct his Spanish. For some reason, the black girl and the brown girl are entitled to eat at a nicer dining establishment than the white girls who are suppsoed to be taken to Wendy’s. Diaz claims that the black girl will be impressed by his ability to speak Spanish, or the brown girl will have the opportunity to correct his â€Å"busted-up Spanish† (Diaz 145). In the case of the black girl, she, although being taken to dinner, is in control of the situation because the only reason the reader takes her to dinner at a nicer place is in hopes that he can impress her. The reader let’s the stereotype that she does not speak Spanish control his decision making insomuch as that he is not at the restaurant to enjoy a meal, but only to get one step closer to intimacy. In the case of the brown girl, he hopes that she will correct him to make her feel important and smart. In this case, the reader is supposed to make himself come across as unintelligent to make the girl happy. Once again, the reader is subordinate to the girl because he is not being himself and is forced to act in certain ways that are uncharacteristic of him. However, suppose the girl does not speak Spanish. What is the reader supposed to do then? He is not being himself and following instructions, so if the instructions are not correct, the reader will be unknowing of his next move. The reader becomes dependent on these stereotypes and completely relies on them to work. The reader is at the will of the stereotypes. If they turn out to be false, then the reader will be lost with no direction and all of his expectations will be shattered leaving him in less control than he already is. In the case of the white girl, he expects that the white girl will put out much sooner than the girls of color and will not require the type of attention and time that the colored girls apparently deserve. What if the stereotype is false again? The white girl will be unimpressed by eating at a greasy fast food restaurant, and the reader will not get what he wants. As in every other instance, the reader relies on the validity of the stereotype. If it is true, then everything works out according to plan, but the only way for the stereotype to be true is if the white girl does absolutely everything according to Diaz’s chronology of events. Diaz leaves no room for spontaneity. Everything is scripted. However, the script is only as long as the girl wants it to be. She is fully capable of doing what she wants. The girl is in complete control of the very stereotype that the reader relies so heavily upon. Thus, the reader is subordinate to his date. Flattery is his next tool. Once the dinner is over, Diaz tells the reader to act interested in the girl and touch her gently; almost in a suggestive manner. He tells the readers to say things like â€Å"I like you,† and â€Å"[I] love [your] hair† (Diaz 147, 148). The basic assumption here is that girls will appreciate being complimented and be more willing to act more intimate with their charmer. However, even still, the girl is in complete control of her actions. Although the reader is wooing her, in the end it will be her decision whether or not she decides to put out. No stereotype can predict that event. They can offer a glimpse into a surface personality, but a sequence of events over the course of a couple of hours cannot physically be predicted exactly. Even so, the male will rely on a shallow concept that offers a glimpse into the future if he feels that it has the possibility of yielding pleasurable results. With this thought, it is clear that the stereotypes used in the story are geared towards pointing out how the potential for intimacy will make men revert to relying upon stereotypes and that they are not actually in control, but the stereotype that is controlled by the woman is in charge. â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† was most certainly written with the intent of showing how the male race relies on stereotypes to court women and how these stereotypes give the man a sense of security, control, and confidence. â€Å"Diaz consciously [provides] stereotypical male figures for dramatic effect† in order to illustrate how, â€Å"boys discuss members of the opposite sex as creatures to be used as devices for sexual gratification† (Alford). However, the underlying message in the text is that men rely on these stereotypes so much, that they in fact lose control of the situation because it is not the man in control but the stereotype. While Diaz points out the presence of stereotypes amongst women of different races, he clearly wants to point out the truth that men stereotyping is a stereotype. Works Cited Alford, William R. â€Å"Sex, Race and Power. † 2000. http://the-big-pic. org/drowntext. html. Diaz, Junot. Drown. â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie. † New York: Riverhead Books, 1996. Torstenson, Casey S. â€Å"You Don’t Know Me. † Florida: Switchback, 2006. http://www. swback. com/issues/004/You_Dont_Know_Me. shtml.

Learning Organisations

Learning Organisations Moving towards a learning organization is something done BY people, not something done TO people or FOR people by someone else. So, the role of HR has to be in encouraging, facilitating, and supporting a move towards learning organizations. HR can never accomplish this themselves. Then, if executives want to move towards a learning organization, they should direct their operating units to do so, and direct HR to move into a supportive role. If its the other way around, where HR gets the responsibility, it never works. Knowledge management (KM) any practice or process of creating, acquiring, capturing, sharing and using knowledge, wherever it resides, to enhance learning and performance in organisations (Scarborough 1999). Knowledge management involves converting knowledge sources by classifying related information then circulating to make the information to take place. Not all information is knowledge or all knowledge is important. According to Blackler (1995), knowledge is multifaceted and complex, implicit and explicit, physical and mental, verbal and encoded. He also categorises knowledge in four as: embedded (technological collective), enculturel (Values, beliefs collective), embodied (practical knowledge individual), and embraced (theoretical understanding individual). Contrast on Blackler, Nonaka (1991) proposes that knowledge could be either individual or collective, cannot be both. Yet another argument comes from Scarborough and Carter (2000). They believe that knowledge appears from the collective experience and it is shared by member of the group. Knowledge also is the key ingredient of products and services. Therefore the difference among the organisations totally depends on the level to which information can be obtained and converted into knowledge. When it is the subject of knowledge, people mainly consider documentation or codifying type of knowledge. Whilst that explicit knowledge is essential tacit knowledge is even more essential as it adds value for competitive advantage of organisations. Tacit knowledge is spontaneous, contextual, has a big connection with experience, documentation cannot be applied. It is believed that tacit knowledge represent big percentage of knowledge of an organisation. In other saying, Nonaka (1991) explained that the knowledge is either explicit or tacit. Explicit knowledge is available, recorded information. It is kept in databases, and it can be systematized, whereas tacit knowledge is in peoples minds. It is hard to articulate and it gains in personal experience. New knowledge starts with an individual Nonaka believes. Tacit knowledge needs to travel from one person to another. The main difficulty in the creation of new knowledge is that bringing the tacit knowledge on the surface and the diff iculty is that it requires experience to do so. Knowledge management is all about getting the valuable knowledge from people, who have it, to people, who need it to develop the organisational efficiency. As organisations are competing in information age, knowledge is the most important asset in the competition field more than physical and financial assets. Another issue is that culture of organisation may be slowing down the knowledge sharing. Open cultures will encouraged people to share their ideas and knowledge. Knowledge management is on the subject of people. It straight connects to peoples knowledge and monitors how the knowledge could support organizational goal. It also uses the most valuable information which is more focus and meaningful. There is not certain regulation which would be difficult to change. KM is often revises the knowledge and checks its practicality in order to see its usefulness. It is generally have motivating feature on managers to ensure that they are working together with the purpose of reaching the organizational objectives. The emphases on knowledge have brought new job lines; such as knowledge workers. There are workers who are called knowledge workers. Drucker (1993) describes them as individuals who have high level of education, skills and ability to apply, in order to solve problems. Knowledge workers create the knowledge and are key players in spreading it. Tampoe (1993) highlights four core motivators for knowledge workers. First one is personal growth; the opportunities for individuals to realise their potentials. Second one is occupational autonomy; a work environment in which knowledge workers can achieve the task given to them. Third one is task achievement that a sense of achievement from producing works that is of high quality and the last one is money reward. Income is just a reward for their contribution to corporate success. Human Research can make a great contribution to knowledge management as process of spreading and sharing knowledge start among people. The important role HR has here to make sure those organisations have the intellectual capital they need. The role of HR in knowledge management can be listed as; create open culture, importance of which will be sharing knowledge; create an atmosphere where trust is the matter; ensuring that activities where people can share knowledge person-to-person basis, such as workshops, seminars, etc; motivating people by rewarding them when there is knowledge sharing; look after the workers who contribute knowledge sharing by providing resources and finally it is important to senior managers should be appointed for the knowledge management to encourage them for encouraging their staff for knowledge sharing. HR has an important role on improvement of the knowledge based cooperation. The important aim of organisations is to achieve the competitive advantage by developing and successfully implementing the knowledge. HRs role here is to encourage management to develop purpose which will suit to organisational aim. HR has also contribution with KM by recommending on the design of process based organisations. These types of organisations are mainly networking, cross-functional, project teams or so where sharing knowledge is crucial. HR contribution on enhancing KM is also important. HR gives advice on how to keep the skilful and talented people who are too important knowledge sharing culture (Armstrong 2008). Several knowledge management models and frameworks have been done. From the above model it can be understood that there is big and important connection between knowledge management and organizational learning, system and technology, culture and strategy. Knowledge management cannot be performed without learning in organizations. There are many divisions in organisational learning, yet there is no single structure which has successfully summarised the variety of its offerings. Learning organisation has much wider and more mature than organisation learning as well as knowledge management. Learning organisation will be explained in detail in later on. A complex adaptive system (CAS) consists of a large number of agents, each of which behaves according to some set of rules. There rules require the agents to just their behaviour to that of other agents (Stacey, 2003). In other saying, agents work and adjust themselves according to each other. Several experts describe CAS as the next evolution further than learning organization. Most businesses are throughout history there are several examples for business which used several planning activities that none of them worked. To be able to escape from this bad destiny now businesses are searching of knowledge management, to make planning dynamic and approachable to the ongoing globalization. Yet this is not always enough to cope up with fast changing unstable world. Organizations must adjust themselves to ongoing change environment. This situation made organizations to learn more about complex adaptive systems and its suitability to organizations. Also in ongoing fast economy, nature is in the circle of change. These natural diversifications make confusion and chaos. Some chaos is accepted in order to make sure that systems are adaptive ensuring long-term survival. Business world is very much willing to adapt CAS. Everyday there are new stories about successful businesses and CAS. Wal-Mart is a very good example for it. Retailers of Wal-Mart now use smart tags to follow inventory items. These smart tags, which are called Radio Frequency Identification RFID) depend on satellites to capture the movement of inventory items anywhere anytime. What happens is that shopping carts display items and amount as customer put them into the cart. Feedback is very important for as it is for learning organizations. It is to manage the complex adaptive system. CAS requires two forms of feedback which are positive and negative feedback. Negative feedback is if change happens the reaction is to undo the direction of the change and maintain the general circumstance whereas positive feedback continuing changes. Organizations adapt CAS because it gives the discipline to follow up the work. Butterfly effect for example is to show that small changes can have big effects. Organizations need to adapt CAS in order to adapt themselves into the competitive world of business http://www.exinfm.com/board/complex_adaptive_systems.htm Chaos theory expresses the performance of certain dynamic systems. The systems develop with time and the dynamic could be very sensitive to first state which refers to butterfly effect. The single way to gather the benefits of chaos theory in organizational development is to adapt the edge of chaos. With edge of chaos, organizations have to find new and productive ways, adapt new marketing models to survive in the competition. For these learning organizations, airline industry is a good example, particularly Southwest Airlines. They not only did changes to survive but because well off too which they succeeded very well. On the other hand organizations which couldnt cope or catch up with changes struggle. Unless they hold on the element of chaos and become creativity, they will disappear by time. Although with edge of chaos organizations adapt change and they are best known with their creativeness, they do not constantly change. When they do changing, they do not change the core soul of the organization. After changing organization will still have the familiar identity. According to Shelton (2003) the safest way to use chaos theory in organizational development is not in the beginning of organizational change, but in the use of its principles in dealing with issues that arise within the organization. Complexity theory is not the same as chaos theory but chaos involves with complexity theory Senge (1990) brings the concept of the fifth discipline into the organisational learning. He adds that each of the disciplines does provide a very important dimension in structuring the organisations which are willing to learn and carry on enhancing their capability. However, he also observes learning takes place when individuals work in teamwork. The five disciplines Senge identifies can be listed as; systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, and team learning. Senge associates business and humans to a system in the systems thinking. It is an intangible structure and is a body for knowledge. Learning organisation wants its people to think in system. Personal mastery is the discipline of repeatedly illuminating and extending personal vision, focusing humans energies, developing patience, and seeing reality objectively. As such, it is an essential basis of the learning organisation. Mental models are assumption which specifies how people understand the world around them. It is internal picture of the world and he states that individuals can surface it by learning. Building shared vision involves skill of finding shared. Lastly team learning is essential as teams are the fundamental learning unit in modern organisations. Without team learning, organisation cannot learn. In Senges five disciplines, integrity is core because it is more difficult to integrate new tools than just using them separately. Fifth discipline is system thinking. Without system thinking no learning in organization would ever happen. The systems thinking leads to experiencing more and more of interconnectedness of life and seeing wholes rather than parts. Whenever there are problems in an organisation, according to systems thinking, the problems arise from underlying structures, not from individual mistakes. (Senge, 1990) The learning organisation is an expression which illustrates people gathering to success goals, big or small, in states where they all search for ways of doing things more effectively. Senge (1990), who created the term, explains a leaning organisation as one where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together. In learning organisations, people are constantly watchful for signals which show whether they are reaching their goals. Therefore it can be said that learning organisations continuously look at the detail of actions. Also feedback is vital to the learning organisation because it needs to measure its success. Thus, it accounts, reports, spreadsheets, salespeoples views of customer opinion, shop floor perceptions of a new systems used by activity streams of people. Apple computing -Japan is a perfect example of success when organizational learning is done according five discipline. Although Apple Japan is world wide company, it had one percent of the market in Japan until 1989. Nonetheless with the new president the company succeeded one billion dollar in six years time. The company had some help from a consultant firm. The main plan was to increase the market share as well as efficiency of the company. Being able to gain the market share and improve sales, they come to a decision on increase the number of the distributors, customer management and launch the notion of learning organizations. The first step for Apple Japan was to undertake the Senges Five Discipline which is crucial to learning organizations. Following it, group meeting was made more profitable. More discussion and team education was the main part of the meetings. This approach stressed the importance of the team learning and allowed everyone to share vision towards the same objective. The second step taken was bringing individuals mental model together with the rest of the team which made the progress of learning more efficient. For Personal Mastery, managers support their workers to set up goals. Lastly, the most important discipline for the organizations was Systems Thinking, which was to bring all the other parts together. This approach allows every staff to make decision, and specifically teaches them to take the whole system into consideration, not just their own problems. Changing the way Apple-Japan worked before; paid back with the increase in sales as well as market share of the company (Market Share grew to 15% in 1995 from 1% in 1989. Annual sales soared to $1.3 billion in 1994, with the sale of 520 000 computers) Knowledge may exist within an organisation, but it may not be available to those who need it. Hayes (2007) draws the attentions to importance of distributing the information so that members of the organisation have access to new information which may lead to create new information. Organisational learning is one of the most significant subjects of corporations. The most obvious difference between organisational and an individual learning is that organisations dont have memories which are vital to learning. The main difference between a learning individual and learning organisation is the way they store the information. While individuals use their memories to store the information, organisations do it in their culture. In order for learning to occur, there need to be three circumstances. Firstly, new information must be inputted into the ideas. Secondly, the new information must be combined with the previous one and thirdly practice is essential to complete the learning. Not everyone agrees with the idea of learning organisations. For example, Harrison (1997), argues and criticized because the concept proposes that organisations have a life and ability to learn, which not the case is. Scarborough also disagrees with the dominant perspective of the concept as it suggests individual learning in organisations but does not indicate how or what to learn. Burgoyne (1999) also acknowledges that the concept sometimes creates confusion. Motorola University is one of the best examples for learning organizations. The company has 20000 links hired each year with great grow. Growing rapidly brings the need of training the people they hire. The organisation is aware that they cannot reach the point with the traditional methods of training. In order to create new connections, operates world wide, become productive. The CEO of the company highlights the core values of Motorola which are the techniques and tools they use. Motorolas aim is to find better ways to provide the knowledge and skills. To do so, the company adapts the multimedia training which intends to get training to all Motorolans globally, reduce the cost and time is spent on trainings, and increases the knowledge of the firm. Motorola University was established in 1981 and by 1990 it had extended in US, Eastern Europe, South America and the Asia-Pacific region. Today, many mangers, supervisors and employees from all parts of Motorola have attended diversity training. This training helps participants to have more opportunities to develop and achieve their full potential Organisational learning does not just occur. There needs to be some conditions created which tolerate people to face the uncertainty and stay with it till it becomes something useful. According to Kline (1998) culture is the memory of organisations. The way people interconnect with each other and the way people think is the way their organisational culture is. Culture occurs when two or more people gathered together on a regular basis. If learning organisation is to be created, then firstly the culture of openness of thinking and communication need to be there. He also adds as long as the culture and the way of thinking encourage openness in many different appearances while providing tools which identify useful directions to take, the organisation will become learning organisation. The speed of building a learning organisation is depending on the speed of how individuals in the organizations can improve their learning process. Although author agrees with Senge that organisational lea rning enhances the creativity, he does not agree that building learning organisation does not need to be so slow (Senge, 1999) Schein (1996) highlights that in almost every organisation there are three cultures that a key impact on organisational ability to learn. These are operator culture, engineering culture, and executive culture. He also acknowledges that unless these three cultures realise and use the same language, organisational learning will fail. The values and norms are the basis of culture and formed in four ways. first, culture is shaped by leaders; secondly by critical incidents; third by value and expectation and lastly by organisational environment. (Schein, 1990),(Furnham, Gunter, 1993). According to Harrison (1972) culture is categorised around four ideas. Power orientated, people orientated, task orientated and role orientated. On the other hand Harrison/Handys (1981) four type of culture are; the power, role, task and person culture. Briefly; the power culture is that there is single source of power. Handy names it club or Zeus too; the role culture is bureaucracy, (Greek Temple); the task culture is giving the priority to getting the ob done. There is single source of power (Lattice) and lastly the person culture is that individuals decide on their own work part. The main concern is look after the individuals. According to Brown (1998) the relationship between culture and learning is one of the reciprocal interference. Not only is the rate at which organisations learn dependent on culture but the culture on an organisation will be profoundly influenced by the rate, and content of, organisational learning. Schein aggress with the explanation of Brown that the organisational culture develops through complex interactive learning process. Organisational culture plays a main role in knowledge management and organisational learning. Not every organisation can adapt the learning organisations. There are some barriers to at the individual and group levels. At the individual level, unawareness is an important limitation. They are failing to notice very clear and obvious information and understanding what they notice, having a limited short memory that valuable information can be forgotten easily. Cognitive limitation is more noticeable when there is a fast changing and complex environment which ove rload people and confused them. At the collective level is the important part of organisational learning. Organisational politics can be barrier for groups and individuals to learn, or organisational culture also can slow down the process of learning. Being able to apply the learning, organizations could change their culture to which could e a barrier to organization learning. Many models were introduced over the years concerning culture change by experts. They do not always have the same concept of culture in mind. Models of the culture change are different in the sense of scale. It could be large-scale or small scale. Change also occurs over time. In some cultures, knowledge is the most powerful concept which gives the competitive advantages to individuals. Therefore, Knowledge Management wants HR to focus on organization the culture change, approach of the people to support collaborative team working and knowledge sharing. Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF) is a big petroleum company in Argentina. They wanted to become a professional private company and have international investors rather than maintaining their inefficient bureaucratic existing therefore willing to do some changes in culture and structure. Working with a consultant company, YPF was initiated with learning organization. With the new step, employees were able to assess and check the process and hence learning about the process and observing what is working what is not. Every person in the company knew the purpose of the company and working for the same goal together gave a significant result. At the end of two years YPF increased its profit from $579 million lost in 1990 to profits of $256 million in 1992 and $706 million in 1993. There is a belief that human resource management is able to play a crucial role in core elements of culture, including, norms, beliefs, symbols, behaviours, assumptions. In many organisations managing the cultural symbols is one of the HRMs duties. There is a belief that Human Resource Management (HRM) has essentially replaced the name of personnel management as both involve in managing people in organisations. According to Torrington (1989) HRM is re-labelling and re-packing of personnel management and Guess (1991) agrees with the explanation that HRM is simply elaboration of personnel management (www.humanresources.about.com). Storey (1989) considers HRM as a set of interconnected strategies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning, (Armstrong, 2006) while Torrington (1989) and Guess (1991) believe that HRM is re-labelling and re-packing of personnel management. Storey proposes four features that differentiate HRM. First element is believes and assumptions which give the competitive edge. Also it emphases that human capability and commitment which distinguishes successful organisations from the rest is important therefore the employees should be selected carefully; second element is strategic qualities. It suggests that top management involvement is important; third element is critical role of management. He highlights that HRM is too important to be left to personnel management. Also line management involvement is crucial; and fourth element the key levers. It stresses implementation of HRM and management of culture (Beardwell, Holden, 2004). Source: Storey (1992:38). Reproduced (Beardwell, Holden, 2004).p24 Storey (1989) suggests Hard and soft version of HRM which characterizes by the Michigan and Harvard models. The hard version of HRM highlights the importance of human as resources to achieve competitive advantages against other organisations. To be able to bring advantages, these resources are gained, developed and arranged in ways to do so. According to Storeys hard version of HRM, workers are commodities, and HR is like other resources as well as being calculative and inflexible whereas the soft version of HRM stresses human sides of HRM. The main topics are communication, motivation and leadership. It emphases that people are led rather than managed (http://www.hrmguide.co.uk). Also it is believed that HR is unique. Legge (1998) agrees with Storey on hard model of HRM that workforce are resources to be managed. In contrast of hard version of HRM, she considers the soft version of HRM that employee as value assets and as a source of competitive advantage through their commitment (A rmstrong, 2006). Yet she (1995) also points out that not every organisation has advantages by treating the workforce as a valuable asset, especially those competing on cost. Also Legge refers to this as Developmental Humanism (Legge, 1995, p.66-67). While stressing on the importance of putting together HR policies with business purposes, the soft model spotlights on treating workforce as valuable assets and a competitive advantage through their commitment skill and performance (Legge, 1995, pp 66-67). Employees practice hard and soft versions of HRM differentially as people are treated differently. Japanese management style can be given as a good example. In Japanese organisations men are core workers (SOFT) whereas women are secondary (HARD) workers (Lecture notes, 2008). Many organizations adopt the soft version of HRM that focuses on treating employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage. Employees practice hard and soft versions of HRM differentially as people are treated differently. Japanese management style can be given as a good example. In Japanese organisations men are core workers (SOFT) whereas women are secondary (HARD) workers (Lecture notes, 2008). Many organizations adopt the soft version of HRM that focuses on treating employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage. Apart from hard and soft models of HRM, Storey also classifies two other HRM named strong and weak. Strong refers to a distinctive package which covers strategic and operational aspects. Weak approach on the other hand assumes that HRM is just another term for personnel management.

Drug Wars In Mexico: Overview of Cartels

Drug Wars In Mexico: Overview of Cartels A wise man once said, Im the king of the trap, El Chapo Jr, this man was 2 Chainz. Im talking about El Chapo and Mexican drug wars in general. Unlike most other research paper topics, drug wars are going on right now. In fact, from the time that you woke up yesterday morning to the time that you went to sleep last night, about 103 people died because of the drug war. Mexican drug wars are the result of killing for money, long time gang feuds, and because of the actions of high level drug lords. Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto has made progress in stopping the drug violence. He has done things such as dropping homicide numbers 30% and arresting Joaquin Guzman in 2014. Money is the main reason for The Drug War. If it wasnt for the billions of dollars involved, most people probably wouldnt get involved in the lifestyle. Mexico, on average, spends about $431,000,000 per year on illegal drugs. Mexican authorities have revealed that drug cartels earn an estimated $64,340,000,000 per year off of the United States alone! That is enough money to buy every NBA and NFL franchise (therichest.com). Its not only large industries that make billions of dollars. Forbes Magazine estimated that his net worth is in the billions. The United States Government announced that a $5,000,000 reward was waiting for anyone who gave information leading to his location and arrest. Car ·tel (kà ¤rˈtel) n. An association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. Drug cartels pretty much run Mexico. The three main cartels in Mexico are the Tijuana, Sinaloa, and the Mara Salvatrucha Cartel. The Tijuana Cartel traces back the the Sinaloa State. Founded in the 1960s, the founders were Pedro Aviles Perez, Rafael Caro Quintero, and Ernesto Fonseca. It is important to note that the gang is a shell of what it was in the late 1990s (Insight Crime, 2015). The Sinaloa Cartel, often described as the largest and most powerful drug trafficking organization in the Western Hemisphere, is where the famous drug lord, El Chapo, thrives from (Insight Crime, 2015). El Mayo is second in command with the Sinaloa. While El Chapo has been sidelined in jail for short periods of time El Mayo takes over and handles things to perfection. El Mayo is a 68 year old man that has been in the business his whole life. He was the leader of El Chapos escape from prison in 2001 and in 2015. The origins can be traced back to Guadalajara cartel. In 1985 the cartel was involved in the 1985 torture and murder of a U.S. drug enforcement agent. While Mexico and the United States were on the hunt for whoever was behind all of this the cartel split up into multiple groups. The Sinaloa Cartel came out the most powerful. The Mara Salvatrucha Cartel is considered the most powerful street gang in the Western Hemisphere. They rob and bully their way into neighborhoods and have turned to crimes such as human smuggling and drug trafficking. The Mara Salvatrucha Cartel (MS13) was founded in the barrios of Los Angeles in the 1980s. The gang was made from immigrants to the United States because of a civil war going on in El Salvador, their previous home. The gangs members are often decorated with tattoos all over their body, and often on their face. National Security and Foreign Affairs Reporter JP Carroll said, MS-13 tattoos partially mean loyalty to the group or family, but they mainly demonstrate the identification to a specific lifestyle, representing the culture of the street. Also in this scenario, tattoos were like like a baptism of the member into a group, representing the turning point of the appartenance (The Daily Caller). El Chapo is right behind Pablo Escobar when it comes to most notorious drug lords in history. El Chapo was born in La Tuna somewhere from 1954-1957. There are no existing birth certificates of him that we know of. El Chapo is a professional at escaping prison. His latest escape was in 2015 from the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Manhattan, New York. He escaped through a 60 foot deep tunnel leading him to freedom. In the 10th-floor Special Housing Unit, known by its acronym, the SHU, pronounced like the shoe, around a dozen prisoners spend 23 hours a day in 20-by-12-foot cells, prohibited from communicating with one another. Meals are eaten in cells, and exercise is in a recreation area specifically for these inmates (Fox News). El Chapo has a lot of power in Mexico and all over the world. He became the Sinaloa Cartel leader in 1980 and needless to say, hes a billionaire. The Mexican Drug Wars will end soon. The FBI is cracking down on leaders more and more every day. Drug lords like El Chapo are always going to be on the run, Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto has already made a ridiculous amount of progress but he wont be stopped until the fighting stops. The Mexican people live in fear every day. The people of Columbia believed that just because you are involved in the drug scene doesnt make you a bad person. Pablo Escobar is known as a hero in Columbia. He took care of the people of his country. The people of Columbia saw him as a father.Behind every crime is a story of sadness- Enrique Pena Nieto. Works Cited Crime, InSight. Tijuana Cartel. InSight Crime | Organized Crime In The Americas. Insight Crime, 17 Nov. 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. Drug Cartel. Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 6 May. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/drug-cartel/607942#334007.toc. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017. Enrique Peà ±a Nieto. Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 12 Jan. 2017. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Enrique-Pe%C3%B1a-Nieto/599569. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017. Joaquà ­n Guzmà ¡n Loera. Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2017. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Joaqu%C3%ADn-Guzm%C3%A1n-Loera/600397. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017. Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13). Britannica School, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 26 May. 2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Mara-Salvatrucha/627101. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017. Post, Latin. How Mexican Drug Cartels Earn Billions in Drug Trade. Latin Post. KJ Marino, 03 Feb. 2016. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.

The Benefits of Animal Cloning :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

The Benefits of Animal Cloning Put yourself into the body of someone who is need of a vital organ. You are on a waiting list, but who knows when you will receive this precious organ. The doctor says the chances of receiving an organ donor are slim because of your rare genetic make-up. The thought of praying for another human to die, just so you can live, seems selfish, but today, the only way to receive an organ is from the death, or the chance of death, of another human being. Even then, the donor may not match. Now imagine it is the year 2007, and you are in dire need of a heart. The doctors do several tests to determine your genetic make-up, so they can find the right animal to match your needs. After replacing your heart with a pig heart, you recover and go on with everyday life. No one had to die, and you received your heart. With today's technology, this, and more human benefits, will be made possible with animal cloning. The process of cloning is very complicated and involves making a genetically identical organism through non-sexual means (Olson). There are different ways to produce a clone, but one of the most common procedures is carried out by cell nuclear replacement. This procedure is often used because it is easier to target specific genes, so the DNA strands can be altered (Olson). In this procedure, the donor egg and a somatic cell from the animal are used to be cloned. The nucleus, which contains the genetic material, is removed from the donor egg and replaced with the nucleus from the cell of the animal to be cloned. "This creates a cloned embryo, which is then stimulated to begin dividing" (Centre). Animal cloning controversies rose after 1997 when Ian Wilmut cloned the first mammal (sheep), named Dolly, from an adult cell (Wilmut, 21). Since the first cloned mammal, scientists have worked to find a practical application for cloning that will produce advances for human diseases. In some inherited disorders, such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis and emphysema, the only way to treat such patients is through therapeutic proteins, which are obtained through the milk of an animal (Straight). These animals carry a certain protein that is secreted in their milk or blood, which is then harvested and purified for use (Nagal). Drugs made from these proteins are extremely scarce and expensive.

Attack on Poland :: World War II History

Attack on Poland At daybreak on the first day of September, 1939, the residents of Poland awakened to grave news. A juggernaut force of tanks, guns, and countless grey-clad soldiers from nearby Germany had torn across the countryside and were making a total invasion of the Pole's homelands. Germany's actions on that fateful morning ignited a conflict that would spread like a wildfire, engulfing the entire globe in a great world war. This scenario is many people's conception of how World War II came about. In reality, the whole story is far more detailed and complex. The origins of war can be traced as far back as the end of the first World War in 1919, when the Treaty of Versailles placed responsibility for that terrible war squarely on Germany. Years later, in the Far East, Japanese ambition for territory led the nation to invade Manchuria and other parts of nearby China, causing hostilities to flare in the Pacific Rim. Great Britain, the United States, and many other nations of the world would all be drawn into battle in the years to come, and each nation had it's own reason for lending a hand in the struggle. Although Germany was the major player in World War II, the seeds of war had already been planted in the Far East years before conflict in Europe. On September 18, 1931, the powerful Japanese military forces began an invasion of the region known as Manchuria, an area belonging to mainland China. This action broke non-aggression treaties that had been signed earlier. It also was carried out by Japanese generals without the consent of the Japanese government. In spite of this, no one was ever punished for the actions. Soon after the assault on China, the Japanese government decided it had no choice but to support the occupation of Manchuria. By the next year the region had been completely cut off from China (Ienaga 60-64). Because of the Japanese offensive in China, the League of Nations held a vote in October to force Japan out of the captured territory. The vote was passed, 13 to 1, but Japan remained in control of Manchuria. A second vote, taken in February, 1933, a formal disapprova l of the Japanese occupation, was passed 42 to 1. Instead of expelling Japan from the area of Manchuria, it caused the nation to formally withdraw it's membership in the League of Nations the next month (Ienaga 66).

How the American Revolution Got Started

The events that took place before the American Revolution affected history in such a way giving the British and colonists the need to have a Revolution. The French and Indian war is the name for the war that took place between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. The aftermath of this war was a big part leading up to the American Revolution. The war changed economic, political, and social relations between the three European powers (Britain, France, and Spain) their colonies and colonists, and the natives that occupied the territories they demanded. The war finally ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in 1763. France and Britain suffered financially because of the war. The stamp act came along in 1765, this was a direct tax imposed by the British parliament on the colonies. The act required that almost all printed materials must be produced on stamped paper. This consisted of legal documents, magazines, newspapers etc. The purpose of this tax was to pay for troops stationed in North America after the British Victory in the seven years’ war. The stamp Act congress was a meeting of representatives from the thirteen colonies. They discussed and acted upon the stamp act that was passed by the governing parliament of Great Britain, and did not include any representatives from the colonies. The congress then put together the declaration of the stamp act congress, which was fourteen points of colonial protest. They issued it to the king and parliament in hopes of repealing the stamp act. The Townsend acts were a series of laws passed beginning in 1767 by the Great Britain parliament in relation to the British colonies in North America, The acts being named after Charles Townshend who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Overall this was an internal tax on economic activity within a single colony; Townsend wanted the external taxes which was an economic activity that goes through a colony and into other parts of the country. Such as paint, glass, tea etc. He thought we should use the money to pay the colonial governor, other parliaments and the king’s salaries. Another event was the Boston massacre, an incident that happened in March of 1770. It started out as a street fight, the civilians being mad at the British for taxing everything and ended in Britain redcoats killing five civilians. This caused a lot rebellion in the British American colonies leading us towards the American Revolution. Five years later Shots were heard around the world. Paul Revere on April 18th yelled out the British regulars are coming! The first shot was fired by the British in Lexington, and then they went to Concord. Then our militia stopped them and turned them back to Boston. This was the start of the revolution, minute men were ready to stand in a minutes warning. The colonists were not going to stand for the British taking over their land and taxing them on all of their goods, so they fought for their rights. US constitution There were proposals at the philadelphia constitution convention in 1787. These proposals were the virginia plan, and the new jersey plan that people did not like. The US contitution was ratified after the Great compromise came into effect. Otherwise known as the conneticut plan. This consisted of a strong national government (tax, raising an army, regulated trade, and supremed laws). Another was the seperation of powers between legislative and executive. Also there would be two houses of congress, the senate and the House of Representatives. The states would be able to choose their US senators. Lastly there was the slavery 3/5th compromise meaning a slave counts as 3/5 of a person. When the U. S. Constitution was presented to the states, many people chose to be either Federalists or Anti-Federalists. Virginia and many other states were against the Constitution because there was no bill of rights included in it. James Madison was known as the â€Å"Father of the Constitution†, and he and Alexander Hamilton were two Federalists who supported the Constitution and explicated it in the Federalist papers (1788). On the other side George Mason, an Anti-Federalist, opposed the Constitution. Federalist (James madison) wanted a stronger government and argued to ratify the constitution. The US constitution will control factions which is a group of people with a common interest and economic seek to control government for own benefit. 1. ) Also the bigger the better in a national government, multiple factions will cancel one another out. 2. ) WE will choose the best among us to govern for the common good (republicanism) Anti Federalists – opposed to ratifying the constitution Partrick henry thought things were okay before the philadalphia convention and we were at peace. He also thought a large government would have to resort to tyranny to control everything menaing a loss of individual rights. He thought we should have lumped the states into a consolidated government. Samuel bryan thought governing over such a large area would be unable to address local concerns. Richard henry lee didn’t know it would be such a huge change.

Evolution of John Proctor Essay

In one’s life, everyone experiences a situation that gets blown out of proportion. Things get twisted and turned in the wrong direction and the truth seems to be lost in it all. The resolution may take a painstakingly amount of time and work to unravel, but in the end, the truth shall be revealed. In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, John Proctor first does not realize the gravity of the witchcraft trials in Salem, as he discovers what is at stake he notices he has some eternal conflict, but in the end he is at peace with himself. As the Salem witchcraft trials had started to emerge, John Proctor did not seem affected by the situation. While he meets with Abigail, he has a feeling that she is lying to him he tries to brush her off by saying, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time, but I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again.† (Miller, 1359). John Proctor did not want to have to get involved in something that did not necessarily involve him. His first move seemed to be to try and deny her and stay away. Another situation is when Proctor is talking to his wife, Elizabeth. Elizabeth interrogates him about the witchcraft trials but Proctor denies that he has anything to do with them and to try and save the girls. As John denies his association with the situation, he starts to dig himself deeper and deeper in his lies. Without realizing it, he starts up an argument and that decision of lying sets up a new playing field for more lies. When Proctor tries to roll with the punches and just tag along in the lies, he starts to realize the situation is getting out of hand and tries to fight back. As the trials go on, Abigail decides to try and get Elizabeth Proctor to become her newest target to frame. John Proctor takes action and finally reveals the truth that the girls are all frauds. But as he is telling the truth, the townspeople and the court jury are so caught up in the girls’ lies that do not believe a word he says. John Proctor’s attempt to try to make the court believe that he was telling the truth he decides to tell the truth and say that he â€Å"knows† Abigail by saying, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time, but I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again†(Miller 1361). Proctor was desperate enough to dent in his own reputation to try and convince the judges that he was not lying. But little does he know he just created another battle field for arguments that are too much for him to handle. As Proctor tries to deal with his emotional conflict, he decides to give up. When Proctor and his wife discuss what is to become of all the commotion they have been through, Proctor debates whether he should confess and say that he is guilty of witchcraft, or deny and protect his name. Proctor had a sense of negativity and had a feeling things were not going to turn out in his favor. It was apparent that he was already calling it quits. After John had signed his contract of being guilty, he rips it and confesses falsely to be hung. The weight has been lifted off his shoulders. He does not have to worry about his reputation and all the drama that may have come with him if he signed guilty. Through the emotional rollercoaster and turmoil, John Proctor could finally be at peace with himself. As the story comes to a closing, John Proctor is in a satisfied mood. He went from being oblivious to the whole situation and somehow got brought into it. With his kind nature he tried to help the girls out by acting as if he did not know of what was happening, but instead dug himself deeper into a hole he could not dig himself out of. As he realizes how difficult of a place he is in, he gives up. But although he gives up, he was able to die at peace with himself.